Physiology Flashcards
What is Classical conditioning?
Learning in which a natural response is elicited by a condition, or learned, stimulus that preveiously was presented in conjuction w/ an uncond stim
What is an example of Classical conditioning?
Pavlov’s classical experiments w/ dogs→ ringing the bell provoked salivation
What is Operant conditioning?
Learning in which a particular action is elicited b/c it produces a reward
What is postive reinforcement?
Desired reward produces action
(mouse presses buttong to get food)
What is Negative reinforcement?
Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus
(mouse presses button to turn of continuous loud noise
What is Punishment?
Repeated application of aversive stim extinguishes unwanted behavior
What is Extinction?
Discontinuation of reinforcement (+ or -) eventually eliminates behavior
What is Transference?
Pt projects feelings about formative or other important persons into physician
(psychiastrist is seen as parent)
What is Countertransference?
Doctor pojects feeling about formative or other important persons onto pt
What are Ego defenses?
Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict & prevent undesirable feelings
What are immature defenses?
- Acting out
- Dissociation
- Denial
- Displacement
- Fixation
- Identification
- Isolation (of affect)
- Projection
- Rationalization
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Repression
- Splitting
What is Acting out?
Unacceptable feelings & thoughts are expressed through actions
What is an example of acting out?
Tantrums
What is Dissociation?
Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress
What is an example of Dissociation?
Extreme forms can result in dissociative indentity disorder (multiple personality disorder)
What is Denial?
Avoidance of awareness of some painful reality
What is an example of Denial?
A common reaction in newly dx AIDS & cancer pts
What is Displacement?
Process whereby avoided ideas & feelings are transferred to some neutral person or object
What is an example of Displacement?
Mother yells at child b/c her husband yelled at her
What is Fixation?
Parially remaining at a more childish levle of development
What is an example of Fixation?
Men fixating on sports games
What is Identification?
Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)
What is an example of Identification?
Abused child indentifies himself/herself w/ an abuser
What is Isolation (of affect)?
Separation of feelings from ideas & events
What is an example of Isolation (of affect)?
Describing murder in graphic detail w/ no emotional response
What is projection?
An unacceptable internal impulse is attributed to an external source
What is an example of projection?
A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him
What is Rationalization?
Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame
What is an example of Rationalization?
After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyway
What is a Rection formation?
Process whereby a warded-off idea or feeling is replaced by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite
What is an example of Reaction formation?
A pt w/ libidinous thoughs enters a monastery
What is Regression?
Turning back the maturational clock & going back to earlier modes of dealing w/ the world
What is an example of Regression?
Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling
What is Repression?
Involuntary withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness
What is an example of regression?
Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad throughts into the unconscious
What is Splitting?
Belief taht people are either all good or all bad at diff times d/t intolerance of ambiguity
What is Splitting seen in?
Borderline personality disorder
What is an example of Splitting?
A pt says that all the nurses are cold & insensitive but that the doctors are warm & friendly
What are the Mature defenses?
- Altruism
- Humor
- Sublimination
- Suppression
What is Altruism?
Guilty feelings alleviated by unsolicited generosity toward others
What is an example of Altruism?
Mafia boss makes a large donation to charity
What is Humor?
Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation
What is an example of Humor?
Nervous medical student jokes about the boards
What is Sublimation?
Voluntary withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness
What is an example of Sublimation?
Chossing not to think about the USMLE until the week of the exam
