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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

at any constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

i.e. as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases

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2
Q

the 2 forces that hold the thoracic wall and lungs in opposition

A

intraplural fluid cohesiveness

negative intrapleural pressure

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3
Q

roots of phrenic nerve

A

C3,4,5

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4
Q

is inspiration or expiration a passive process?

A

expiration

inspiration is an active process

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5
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules at liquid-air interface

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6
Q

La Place Law

A

smaller alveoli are more likely to collapse

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7
Q

which alveoli secrete surfactant

A

type 2

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8
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome of the new born

A

developing fetal lungs are unable to synthesise sufactant until late in pregnancy – premature babies may not have enough surfactant and have to make strenuous efforts to overcome the high surface tension and inflate the lungs

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9
Q

which muscles contract during active expiration

e.g. after hard exercise

A

abdominal muscles

intercostal muscles

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10
Q

accessory muscles of respiration

A 
sternocleidomastoid
scalenus 
pectorals major + minor 
latissimus dorsi 
serratus anterior
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11
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

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12
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

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13
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

max volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration
IC = IRV + TV

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14
Q

average tidal volume

A

500ml

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15
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be actively expired beyond normal tidal volume

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16
Q

residual volume

A

minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

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17
Q

funcional residual capacity

A

volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration

FRC= ERV + RV

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18
Q

vital capacity

A

max volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

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19
Q

average vital capacity

A

4500ml

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20
Q

total lung capacity

A

max volume of air that the lungs can hold

- average 5700ml

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21
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity- max volume of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs following max inspiration

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22
Q

FEV1

A

force expiratory volume in 1 second- volume of air that can be expired during the first second

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23
Q

obstructive pattern of spirometry

A

Decreased FEV1
Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
FVC can be normal – asthma
FVC can be low – COPD

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24
Q

restrictive pattern of spirometry

A

Decreased FVC
Decreased FEV1
Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

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25
conditions that decrease pulmonary compliance
``` fibrosis oedema lung collapse pneumonia decreased surfactant ```
26
what does decreased pulmonary compliance mean
more effort needed to stretch the lungs | - restrictive spirometry
27
what is increased compliance
loss of elastic recoil of the lungs | - hyperinflation of the lungs- harder to get air out of the lungs
28
what condition increases compliance
emphysema | compliance also increases with age
29
alveolar dead space
there is ventilation but no perfusion
30
V:Q at bottom of lungs
Greater perfusion (blood flow) than ventilation
31
Daltons Law
the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture = the sum of the partial pressures of each component
32
Ficks Law
the amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue in a unit time is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportion to the thickness
33
Henrys law
the amount of gas that dissolved in a given type + volume of liquid at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
34
normal arterial P02
13.3 kPa
35
things that shift O2-Haemoglobin curve to the right
High to rigHt - increased Pco2 - increased temperatute - increased 2,3- Biphosphoglycerate - increased H+ -- this will cause DECREASED pH
36
things that shift O2-haemoglobin curve to the left
Low to Left - decreased Pco2 - decreased temperatue - decreased 2,3- biphosphoglycerate - decreased H+ -- this will cause INCREASED pH
37
shape of O2-haemoglobin dissociation curve
Sigmoid
38
pneumonic for blood gases
ROME - respiratory opposite - metabolic equal
39
respiratory alkalosis
Increased pH decrease pCO1
40
respiratory acidosis
Decreased pH Increased pCO2
41
metabolic alkalosis
Increased Ph Increased HC03
42
metabolic acidosis
Decreased pH decreased HCO3
43
things that can cause respiratory alkalosis
PE pregnancy anxiety altitude
44
what blood gas result do COPD and asthma cause
respiratory acidosis
45
what blood gas result do opiates cause
resp acidosis
46
things that cause a metabolic alkalosis
diuretics | vomitting
47
what blood gas result does renal failure + sepsis cause
metabolic acidosis
48
structure of fetal Hb
2 alpha 2 gamma sub units
49
how many haemoglobin groups are there per myoglobin
one
50
what does presence of myoglobin in blood indicate
muscle damage
51
what modifies respiration
the pons
52
what generates respiratory rhythm
medulla
53
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors
carotid bodies aortic bodies - affected by hypoxia
54
where are the central chemoreceptors
the medulla | - response to H+ concentration of the CSF
55
can H+ cross the blood brain barrier
NO
56
how is a metabolic acidosis corrected
hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination from the body
57
how is a respiratory acidosis corrected
body reabsorbs HC03
58
what type of stimulation causes bronchoconstriction
parasympathetic
59
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute | CO= SV X HR
60
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat
61
what is pre-load
end diastolic volume - volume of blood within each ventricle at the end of diastole - determined by venous return
62
Frank Starling Mechanism
the greater the EDV, the greater the SV
63
describe actin + myosin
``` actin = thin, lighter appearance myosin = thick, darker appearance ```
64
role of tropomyosin in actin-myosin cross bridge formation
tropomysin covers binding sights on actin filaments - when Ca binds to troponin on actin this causes a conformational change - conformational change moves tropomyosin out the way-- cross bridge formation
65
after load
resistance into which the heart is pumping | - will result in ventricular hypertrophy if chronic
66
positive inotropic effect
increased FORCE OF CONTRACTION of the heart due to sympathetic stimulation
67
positive chronotropic effect
increased in HEART RATE due to sympathetic stimulation
68
role of myosin light chain kinase
phosphorylates the myosin light chain so that it can bind to actin
69
what activates myosin light chain kinase
calcium-calmodulin
70
what inactives myosin light chain kinase
phosphorylation
71
How does the FEV1/FVC ratio differ in stable COPD v an acute exacerbation
ratio is decreased (below 70%) in stable disease | ratio will be further decreased to a very low value in an acute exacerbation e.g. 40%
72
what is the approx functional residual capacity in a young man
2.2 L
73
management of acute HF
IV furosemide + nitrates
74
how do nitrates work
cause venodilatation -- decrease preload
75
how does COPD affect total lung capacity
increased total lung capacity due to trapping of air
76
PO2 and saturations in anaemia
normal- low Hb but normal concentration of 02.
77
what force holds the lungs in opposition
negative intrapleural pressure
78
how is intra pleural pressure affected in pneumothorax
intra pleural pressure becomes more +ve - air is entering the lungs but not leaving
79
what happens when P02 falls to below 8kPa
saturations will decrease significantly | - will remain around > 90% until below 8kPa
80
which has a higher diffusion co-efficient - CO2 or O2
CO2
81
Haldane effect
removing O2 from Hb increases its affinity for CO2 -- O2 is released at tissues + Co2 is taken up
82
which neurones generate breathing rhythm
pre-botzinger complex
83
pneumotaxic centre
area in pons that modifies breathing rhythm generated by medulla - stimulation will terminate inspiration
84
apneustic centre
prolonges inspiration

Transition Block (8 decks)

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