Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Transition Block > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

at any constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

i.e. as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the 2 forces that hold the thoracic wall and lungs in opposition

A

intraplural fluid cohesiveness

negative intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

roots of phrenic nerve

A

C3,4,5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is inspiration or expiration a passive process?

A

expiration

inspiration is an active process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules at liquid-air interface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

La Place Law

A

smaller alveoli are more likely to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which alveoli secrete surfactant

A

type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome of the new born

A

developing fetal lungs are unable to synthesise sufactant until late in pregnancy – premature babies may not have enough surfactant and have to make strenuous efforts to overcome the high surface tension and inflate the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which muscles contract during active expiration

e.g. after hard exercise

A

abdominal muscles

intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

accessory muscles of respiration

A 
sternocleidomastoid
scalenus 
pectorals major + minor 
latissimus dorsi 
serratus anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

max volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration
IC = IRV + TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

average tidal volume

A

500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be actively expired beyond normal tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

residual volume

A

minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

funcional residual capacity

A

volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration

FRC= ERV + RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vital capacity

A

max volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

average vital capacity

A

4500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

total lung capacity

A

max volume of air that the lungs can hold

- average 5700ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity- max volume of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs following max inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FEV1

A

force expiratory volume in 1 second- volume of air that can be expired during the first second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

obstructive pattern of spirometry

A

Decreased FEV1
Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
FVC can be normal – asthma
FVC can be low – COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

restrictive pattern of spirometry

A

Decreased FVC
Decreased FEV1
Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

conditions that decrease pulmonary compliance

A 
fibrosis 
oedema
lung collapse 
pneumonia
decreased surfactant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does decreased pulmonary compliance mean

A

more effort needed to stretch the lungs

- restrictive spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is increased compliance

A

loss of elastic recoil of the lungs

- hyperinflation of the lungs- harder to get air out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what condition increases compliance

A

emphysema

compliance also increases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

alveolar dead space

A

there is ventilation but no perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

V:Q at bottom of lungs

A

Greater perfusion (blood flow) than ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Daltons Law

A

the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture = the sum of the partial pressures of each component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ficks Law

A

the amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue in a unit time is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportion to the thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Henrys law

A

the amount of gas that dissolved in a given type + volume of liquid at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

normal arterial P02

A

13.3 kPa

35
Q

things that shift O2-Haemoglobin curve to the right

A

High to rigHt

  • increased Pco2
  • increased temperatute
  • increased 2,3- Biphosphoglycerate
  • increased H+ – this will cause DECREASED pH
36
Q

things that shift O2-haemoglobin curve to the left

A

Low to Left

  • decreased Pco2
  • decreased temperatue
  • decreased 2,3- biphosphoglycerate
  • decreased H+ – this will cause INCREASED pH
37
Q

shape of O2-haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Sigmoid

38
Q

pneumonic for blood gases

A

ROME

  • respiratory opposite
  • metabolic equal
39
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased pH decrease pCO1

40
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

Decreased pH Increased pCO2

41
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

Increased Ph Increased HC03

42
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Decreased pH decreased HCO3

43
Q

things that can cause respiratory alkalosis

A

PE
pregnancy
anxiety
altitude

44
Q

what blood gas result do COPD and asthma cause

A

respiratory acidosis

45
Q

what blood gas result do opiates cause

A

resp acidosis

46
Q

things that cause a metabolic alkalosis

A

diuretics

vomitting

47
Q

what blood gas result does renal failure + sepsis cause

A

metabolic acidosis

48
Q

structure of fetal Hb

A

2 alpha 2 gamma sub units

49
Q

how many haemoglobin groups are there per myoglobin

A

one

50
Q

what does presence of myoglobin in blood indicate

A

muscle damage

51
Q

what modifies respiration

A

the pons

52
Q

what generates respiratory rhythm

A

medulla

53
Q

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid bodies
aortic bodies
- affected by hypoxia

54
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors

A

the medulla

- response to H+ concentration of the CSF

55
Q

can H+ cross the blood brain barrier

A

NO

56
Q

how is a metabolic acidosis corrected

A

hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination from the body

57
Q

how is a respiratory acidosis corrected

A

body reabsorbs HC03

58
Q

what type of stimulation causes bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic

59
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

CO= SV X HR

60
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat

61
Q

what is pre-load

A

end diastolic volume

  • volume of blood within each ventricle at the end of diastole
  • determined by venous return
62
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

the greater the EDV, the greater the SV

63
Q

describe actin + myosin

A 
actin = thin, lighter appearance
myosin = thick, darker appearance
64
Q

role of tropomyosin in actin-myosin cross bridge formation

A

tropomysin covers binding sights on actin filaments

  • when Ca binds to troponin on actin this causes a conformational change
  • conformational change moves tropomyosin out the way– cross bridge formation
65
Q

after load

A

resistance into which the heart is pumping

- will result in ventricular hypertrophy if chronic

66
Q

positive inotropic effect

A

increased FORCE OF CONTRACTION of the heart due to sympathetic stimulation

67
Q

positive chronotropic effect

A

increased in HEART RATE due to sympathetic stimulation

68
Q

role of myosin light chain kinase

A

phosphorylates the myosin light chain so that it can bind to actin

69
Q

what activates myosin light chain kinase

A

calcium-calmodulin

70
Q

what inactives myosin light chain kinase

A

phosphorylation

71
Q

How does the FEV1/FVC ratio differ in stable COPD v an acute exacerbation

A

ratio is decreased (below 70%) in stable disease

ratio will be further decreased to a very low value in an acute exacerbation e.g. 40%

72
Q

what is the approx functional residual capacity in a young man

A

2.2 L

73
Q

management of acute HF

A

IV furosemide + nitrates

74
Q

how do nitrates work

A

cause venodilatation – decrease preload

75
Q

how does COPD affect total lung capacity

A

increased total lung capacity due to trapping of air

76
Q

PO2 and saturations in anaemia

A

normal- low Hb but normal concentration of 02.

77
Q

what force holds the lungs in opposition

A

negative intrapleural pressure

78
Q

how is intra pleural pressure affected in pneumothorax

A

intra pleural pressure becomes more +ve - air is entering the lungs but not leaving

79
Q

what happens when P02 falls to below 8kPa

A

saturations will decrease significantly

- will remain around > 90% until below 8kPa

80
Q

which has a higher diffusion co-efficient - CO2 or O2

A

CO2

81
Q

Haldane effect

A

removing O2 from Hb increases its affinity for CO2 – O2 is released at tissues + Co2 is taken up

82
Q

which neurones generate breathing rhythm

A

pre-botzinger complex

83
Q

pneumotaxic centre

A

area in pons that modifies breathing rhythm generated by medulla
- stimulation will terminate inspiration

84
Q

apneustic centre

A

prolonges inspiration

Transition Block (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions