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ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors for taste and smell are what kind? How are these stimulated?

A

Chemoreceptors- stimulated by binding to particular chemicals

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2
Q

What do taste and smell sensations influence in association with food intake?

A

The flow of digestive juices

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3
Q

Taste perception is influenced by what?

A

Information from smell receptors

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4
Q

The sensory receptor cells for taste are mainly packed in where?

A

Taste buds

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5
Q

What two cell types do taste buds consist of? How are these arranged?

A

Sensory receptor cells and support cells arranged consecutively

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6
Q

Taste receptor cells have a lifespan of how long? They are replaced from what?

A

10 days- replaced from basal cells within the taste buds

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7
Q

Where are taste buds mainly found?

A

Tongue, epiglottis, palate, pharynx

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8
Q

Taste receptor cells synapse with what?

A

Afferent nerve fibres

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9
Q

The majority of tastebuds sit on what structure of the tongue?

A

Papillae

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of tongue papillae? Which one does not contain taste buds?

A

Fungiform, vallate, foliate, filiform (does not contain)

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11
Q

When taste provoking chemicals bind to receptor cells, what happens to the membrane potential?

A

It depolarises

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12
Q

Afferent taste fibres reach the brainstem in the taste response via what 3 nerves and from where?

A

CNVII (chord tympani) from anterior 2/3rds of tongue, CNIX from posterior 1/3rd of tongue, CNX from epiglottis and pharynx

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13
Q

What chemicals trigger each of the different types of taste:

a) salty? b) sour? c) sweet? d) bitter? e) umani?

A

a) NaCl b) free H+ ions c) glucose d) alkaloids and poisonous substances e) amino acids (glutamate)

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14
Q

What do each of the following mean:

a) aguisia? b) hypoguisia? c) dysguisia?

A

a) loss of taste function b) reduced taste function c) distortion of taste function

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15
Q

What are some causes of aguisia?

A

Nerve damage, local inflammation, some endocrine conditions

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16
Q

What are some causes of hypoguisia?

A

Chemotherapy and medications

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17
Q

What 3 cell types are found in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

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18
Q

Which cells in the olfactory mucosa secrete mucus?

A

Basal cells

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19
Q

What do odourants bind to?

A

Cilia which projects out from the olfactory mucosa

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20
Q

How long is the lifespan for olfactory receptors?

A

2 months

21
Q

What do axons of olfactory receptors collectively form?

A

Afferent fibres of the olfactory nerve

22
Q

Where do afferent fibres of the olfactory nerve pierce to reach the brain?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

23
Q

How do odourants reach smell receptors during quiet breathing?

A

Diffusion

24
Q

A substance must have what two properties in order to be smelled?

A

Sufficiently volatile and water soluble

25
Q

What may be some causes of anosmia and hyposmia?

A

Viral infections, allergy, nasal polyps, head injury

26
Q

What may hyposmia be an early sign of?

A

Parkinson’s disease

27
Q

Give two examples of dysmosia?

A

Differently interpreting smells, hallucinations of smells

28
Q

Lots of waves on a sound graph suggests what?

A

High frequency- high pitch

29
Q

Few waves on a sound graph suggest what?

A

Low frequency- low pitch

30
Q

High peaked waves on a sound graph suggest what?

A

High amplitude- loud

31
Q

Low peaked waves on a sound graph suggest what?

A

Low amplitude- quiet

32
Q

Which parts of the ear are: a) only associated with hearing? b) associated with hearing and balance?

A

a) Outer and middle, b) Inner

33
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplify sound and pass vibrations via the oval window to the inner ear

34
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

Ventilates the middle ear

35
Q

What is the resting state of the Eustachian tube?

A

Closed

36
Q

What muscles are responsible for opening the Eustachian tube?

A

Tensor veli palatini and levator palatini

37
Q

When sound vibrations are passed through the oval window into the middle ear, what does this start?

A

Movement of the perilymph fluid

38
Q

What is suspended within the perilymph?

A

Endolymph

39
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth?

A

A series of sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth

40
Q

When sound waves are deflected towards the longest stereo cilia hairs in the middle ear, what does this cause?

A

Depolarisation

41
Q

When sound waves are deflected away from the longest stereo cilia hairs in the middle ear, what does this cause?

A

Hyperpolarisation

42
Q

Sound waves pass through the cochlea, maximally stimulating an area of where?

A

Basilar membrane

43
Q

What is the function of the organ of corti within the basilar membrane of the cochlea?

A

Stimulates the cochlear nerve and central pathways - culminates activity in the superior temporal gyrus

44
Q

What is sensory conflict, in terms of balance?

A

When visual input does not match proprioceptive input

45
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

Maculae of the utricle and saccule

46
Q

In the vestibular area, what is fluid controlled by?

A

The movement of the head

47
Q

What do semicircular canals detect and how?

A

Different directions of head movement based on the movement of the fluid inside them

48
Q

Which parts of the inner ear are responsible for sending signals to the brain about the direction of head movements?

A

Hair cells of the utricle and saccule

ENT (12 decks)

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