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Urology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What promotes the conversion to testes?

A

Testis-determining factor

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2
Q

What do seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Sperm

Sertoli cells

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3
Q

What cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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4
Q

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

Shortly befor birth

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5
Q

Define Tunica Albiginea

A

Fibrous capsule of the testes

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6
Q

Define Tunica Vaginalis

A

Surrounding the seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Define Testes

A

Egg-shaped structures outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum

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8
Q

Where do the testicular arteries branch from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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9
Q

What helps to cool off the warm blood from the testicular arteries?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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10
Q

When do the testicles descend?

A

7-12 weeks fetal life

7-9 months fetal life

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11
Q

Why is testicular descent important?

A

Risk of hernias

Increased risk of testicular cancer

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12
Q

Function of the Scrotum

A

Houses testes

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13
Q

Muscles that Affect the Surface Area of the Scrotum

A 
Dartos muscle (wrinkles)
Cremaster (elevates)
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14
Q

Site of Sperm Production

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Path of Sperm from Testes to Vagina

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Efferent ducts
Epididymus
Vas deferens (Ductus deferens)
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra (prostatic)
Penis
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16
Q

How do sperm move from the efferent ducts to the epididymus?

A

Peristaltic movements

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17
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Secrete fluid high in fructose (energy for sperm to swim)
Excrete prostaglandins: increases muscle contraction & helps with cervical mucus
70% of semen fluid

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18
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Fibromuscular gland

Add fluid to the semen (make it more alkaline)

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19
Q

2 Issues with the Prostate Gland

A

BPH

Cancer

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20
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper Glands)

A

Helps to become more alkaline

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21
Q

Where does seminal fluid come from?

A

Genital ducts

Accessory organs

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22
Q

Define Penis

A

Shaft that ends in a tip

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23
Q

Define Glans Penis

A

Tip of the penis

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24
Q

Define Foreskin

A

Loose skin of the penis shaft folds to cover the glans

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25
Q

Portions of the Penis

A

Corpus cavernosa

Corpus spongiosum

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26
Q

Hormone Path to Leydig Cells

A

GnRH
LH
Gonads
Testosterone (negative feedback loop)

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27
Q

Hormone Path to Sertoli Cells

A

GnRH
FSH
Inhibin (negative feedback loop)

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28
Q

Endocrine Function of the Testes

A

Differentiation of male genital tract during fetal development
Induces development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
Anabolic effects
Promotes spermatogenesis & maturation of sperm
Stimulates erythropoiesis

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29
Q

Testosterone on Development of Primary & Secondary Sex Characteristics

A 
Gonadal function
External genitalia & accessory organs
Male voice timbre
Male skin characteristics
Male hair distribution
30
Q

Anabolic Effects of Testosterone

A

Promotes protein metabolism
Promotes musculoskeletal growth
Influences subcutaneous fat distribution

31
Q

What can low testosterone lead to?

32
Q

Function of Sertoli Cells

A

Envelope spermatids for processing before release in lumen

AKA: protect & nurture sperm

33
Q

Function of Leydig Cells

A

Produce testosterone

34
Q

What hormone is significantly responsible for male hormonal effects?

A

Testosterone

35
Q

How does differentiation occur in the fetus?

A

hCG from mom stimulates testosterone secretion in the fetal testes

36
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics due to Testosterone during Puberty

A

Growth of penis
Growth of scrotum
Growth of testes

37
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics due to Testosterone at Puberty

A 
Distribution of body hair
Baldness (lack of)
Deepened voice
Skin: increases thickness, prone to acne
Muscular development
Bone growth
Bone density
Calcium retention
38
Q

Define Intersex

A

Both ovarian & testicular tissue present in the body

39
Q

Causes of Low Testosterone

A 
Hypogonadism
Trauma to Leydig cells
Mumps after puberty
Meds/Chemo
Testicular tumors
HIV/AIDS
ETOH
40
Q

Define Primary Hypogonadism

A

Lack of response in the testes to LH or FSH (similar to menopause in women)

41
Q

Define Secondary Hypogonadism

A

Decreased sensitivity of LH or FSH to GnRH

42
Q

Define Tertiary Hypogonadism

A

Decreased or no production of GnRH from the hypothalamus resulting in decreased or no production of LH or FSH from the pituitary gland

43
Q

Male Reproductive Functions

A

Spermatogenesis

Male sexual act

44
Q

Other Functions of Sertoli Cells

A 
Form blood-testes barrier
Secrete inhibin
Phagocytize residual bodies
Secrete androgen-binding protein
Secrete plasminogen activator
45
Q

Importance of Blood-Testes Barrier in Sertoli Cells

A

Prevents auto-immune destruction of sperm

46
Q

Function of Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

A

Binds testosterone & concentrates in the tubules

47
Q

Paracrine Regulators of Spermatogenesis

A

IGF-1
Inhibin
Transforming growth factor
FSH

48
Q

Function of Transforming Growth Factor

A

Leads to cell differentiation

49
Q

Function of the Epididymis

A

Maturation of the sperm

50
Q

Where are most of the mature sperm stored?

A

Vas Deferens (ampulla)

51
Q

Hormonal Influences in Spermatogenesis

A

FSH: spermatogonia into spermatocytes
Testosterone: final maturation of sperm (stimulated by LH)

52
Q

Seminal Vesicle Secretions

A

Mucoid material containing fructose, citric acid, prostaglandins, & fibrinogen

53
Q

Define Semen

A

Fluid from vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and glands throughout the urethra

54
Q

Define Oligospermia

A

Sperm count

55
Q

Define Vasectomy

A

Ductus deferent cut & tied

Interfere with sperm transport

56
Q

Responsibilities of the Epididymis

A

Maturational changes
Resistance to pH changes & temperature
Storage of sperm between ejaculation

57
Q

Responsibility of the Ductus (vas) Deferens

A

Carry sperm from epididymis into pelvic cavity

58
Q

Secretions of the Prostate Gland

A

Alkaline fluid
Citric acid
Calcium
Coagulation proteins

59
Q

Parasympathetic Activity in the Male Sexual Act

A

Erection “Point”

Lubrication

60
Q

Sympathetic Activity in the Male Sexual Act

A

Emission

Ejaculation “Shoot”

61
Q

Define Emission

A

Contraction of vas deferent & ampulla to cause expulsion of sperm into internal urethra, seminal vesicles, & prostate gland forcing sperm forwards

62
Q

Define Ejaculation

A

Rhythmic release of ejaculate

63
Q

Secretion of the Prostate Gland

A

Milky fluid containing citrate, calcium, among other items with pH of 6.5-7.5

64
Q

Function of Prostate Secretions

A

Nourish & protect sperm

65
Q

Function of Alpha-Blockers on the Prostate Gland

A

Relax the muscles around the urethra in men with symptoms form an enlarged prostate

66
Q

Function of 5-alpha-reductase Inhibitors on the Prostate Gland

A

Reduce the level of dihydrotestosterone, therefore shrinking the prostate

67
Q

4 Layers of the Bladder

A

Serosa
Smooth muscle fibers: detrusor muscle
Submucosal layer
Transitional epithelium

68
Q

Innervation of the Detrusor Muscle

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

What muscle of the bladder is under voluntary control?

A

External sphincter

70
Q

Causes of Urinary Obstruction or Stasis

A

Congenital narrowing of external meatus
Sacral nerves damage
Compression of urethra (enlarged prostate)
Urethral strictures (STDs)
Compression of bladder neck or urethra from tumors
Constipation & fecal impaction can compress urethra

71
Q

Where does spermatogenesis begin?

A

Hypothalamus & pituitary

Urology (12 decks)

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