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Dermatology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is the largest organ in the body? </p>

A

<p>The skin </p>

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2
Q

<p>How many skin diseases are there? </p>

A

<p>>2000</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are the layers of the skin from top to bottom? </p>

A

<p>Epidermis
Dermo-epidermal junction
Dermis
Subcutaneous </p>

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4
Q

<p>What is the subcutaneous composed of? </p>

A

<p>Predominantly fat</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is the epidermis mainly composed of? </p>

A

<p>Keratinocytes</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the different layers of the epidermis from top to bottom? </p>

A

<p>Keratin layer
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer</p>

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7
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain melanocytes? </p>

A

<p>Yes </p>

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8
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain Langerhans cells? </p>

A

<p>Yes </p>

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9
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain merkel cells? </p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

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10
Q

<p>Which parts of the body have very thick layers of keratin? </p>

A

<p>Soles of feet

| Palms of hands </p>

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11
Q

<p>Why is it beneficial to have thick keratin layer of hands and feet? </p>

A

<p>Protection

| Increases sensitivity </p>

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12
Q

<p>What controls the epidermal turnover? </p>

A

<p>Growth factors
Cell death
Hormones</p>

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13
Q

<p>What control is lost in diseases such as psoriasis? </p>

A

<p>Shedding of skin i.e. epidermal turnover, skin no longer releases keratin </p>

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14
Q

<p>How long does it take a keratinocyte to move from the basement membrane to the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>28 days </p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the basal layer of the epidermis composed of ? </p>

A

<p>Cuboidal cells

| Intermediate filaments</p>

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16
Q

<p>What cells make up the prickle layer of the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>Large polyhedral cells with many desmosomes </p>

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17
Q

<p>What causes a blister? (think of the wetness produced) </p>

A

<p>Fluid gets into the prickle cell layer of the epidermis, increasing the pressure. This causes the cells to lyses and the surface of the skin to split</p>

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18
Q

<p>What layer of the epidermis is missing in eczema? </p>

A

<p>Granular layer </p>

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19
Q

<p>What cells make up the granular layer of the epidermis and what is their main purpose? </p>

A

<p>2-3 layers of flatter cells

| Prevents water loss </p>

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20
Q

<p>What is the kertain layer of the epidermis composed of ? </p>

A

<p>Corneocytes (terminally differentiates keratinocytes) </p>

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21
Q

<p>What is the most important purpose of the keratin layer? </p>

A

<p>tight waterproof barrier, which is essential for survival </p>

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22
Q

<p>What 2 components mainly make up the keratin layer of the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>Keratin

| Filaggrin </p>

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23
Q

<p>What is the dermis composed of? </p>

A

<p>Connective tissue </p>

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24
Q

<p>Epidemiologically, what is the dermis composed of? </p>

A

<p>Mesoderm</p>

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25
Q

<p>What are melanocytes? </p>

A

<p>Pigment producing cells from the neural crest </p>

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26
Q

<p>What are Blaschko's lines? </p>

A

<p>Developmental growth patterns of the skin</p>

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27
Q

<p>Name the labelled structures</p>

A
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28
Q

Matsticatory mucosa in the mouth is kertatinised - why?

A

To protect from friction and pressure

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29
Q

Is the lining mucosa of the oral cavity keratinised?

A

No

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30
Q

What are langerhans cells and where are they found?

A

Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa, and contain large organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis

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31
Q

What organelle within melanocytes actually produces melanin?

A

Melanosomes

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32
Q

What is brown or black pigment called?

A

Eumelanin

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33
Q

What is red or yellow pigment called?

A

Phaeomelanin

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34
Q

What cell transfers melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes?

A

Dendritic cells

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35
Q

What it Vitiligo?

A

Auto-immune disease with loss of melanocytes

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36
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Lack of production of melanin

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37
Q

What is Nelson’s Syndrome?

A

Nelson’s syndrome is a rare disorder and occurs in patients who have had both adrenal glands removed due to Cushing’s disease. During the disorder the patient develops macroadenomas that secrete adrenocoritropin (ACTH)

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38
Q

What is malignant melanoma a cancer of?

A

Melanocytes

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39
Q

What layer in the epidermis are langerhans cells situated?

A

Prickle cell layer

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40
Q

Where do langerhans cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

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41
Q

Where else, apart from the epidermis, are langerhans cells found?

A

Dermis

Lymph nodes

42
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

43
Q

What gives hair its colour?

A

Melanocytes

44
Q

What is the muscle called that controls the hair follicle?

A

Arrector pili muscle

45
Q

What gland surrounds the hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous gland

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

47
Q

What is the Anagen phase?

A

Growing (to go up) takes 3-7 years. 90% of hairs, Hair goes deep into the epidermis

48
Q

What is the Catagen phase?

A

Involuting (to go down) takes 3-4 weeks. 10% hairs

49
Q

What is red or yellow pigment called?

A

Phaeomelanin

50
Q

What cell transfers melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes?

A

Dendritic cells

51
Q

What it Vitiligo?

A

Auto-immune disease with loss of melanocytes

52
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Lack of production of melanin

53
Q

What is Nelson’s Syndrome?

A

Nelson’s syndrome is a rare disorder and occurs in patients who have had both adrenal glands removed due to Cushing’s disease. During the disorder the patient develops macroadenomas that secrete adrenocoritropin (ACTH)

54
Q

What is malignant melanoma a cancer of?

A

Melanocytes

55
Q

What layer in the epidermis are langerhans cells situated?

A

Prickle cell layer

56
Q

Where do langerhans cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

Where else, apart from the epidermis, are langerhans cells found?

A

Dermis

Lymph nodes

58
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

59
Q

What gives hair its colour?

A

Melanocytes

60
Q

What is the muscle called that controls the hair follicle?

A

Arrector pili muscle

61
Q

What gland surrounds the hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous gland

62
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

63
Q

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64
Q

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65
Q

What is Telogen phase?

A

Resting, shedding phase each day 50-100

66
Q

What is the most common pattern of male pattern hair loss?

A

Hamilton Pattern

67
Q

What is Virilization?

A

A condition in which a female develops male sex characteristics. Can be due to tumour producing hormones causing facial hair etc

68
Q

What is Alopecia areata?

A

Autoimmune hair loss, can be triggered by stress

69
Q

If a nail looks crumbly, what could be wrong with it?

A

Fungal infection

Repeated trauma

70
Q

What is the little half moon structure at the bottom of your nails called?

71
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the skin?

A 
Barrier 
Metabolism and Detoxification 
Thermoregulation 
Immune defense
Communication 
Sensory functions
72
Q

What is steroid-sulphatase deficiency x-linked ichthyosis?

A

Cholesterol is not being properly turned into the components needed to make the kertain layer, causing dry, fish scale like skin. Is a biochemical defect and can be caused by drug side effects

73
Q

What is the cause of Neurofibromatosis?

A

Over growth of nerve endings

74
Q

Where does Vitamin D come from?

A

Precursor compounds
UV light
Food e.g. oily fish and butter as it is an oil soluble vitamin

75
Q

Where are apocrine glands founds?

A

Axillary
Genital area
Perineum

76
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

the interface between the epidermis and the dermis

77
Q

When do apocrine glands activate?

78
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa (simples and dystrophic), what part of the skin does this affect?

A

Dermo-epidermal junction

79
Q

What causes mitten deformity in new borns?

A

Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica

80
Q

What disease causes massive blisters that can be easily burst? Also, what part of the skin has the abnormality causing this?

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

Dermo-epidermal junction

81
Q

What kind of disease is Bullous Pemphigoid?

A

Auto-immune

82
Q

What is the most common form of physical uticaria?

A

Dermographism

83
Q

Why does the skin have a greater blood supply than is metabolically required?

A

Thermoregulation

84
Q

Why is the dermis in loops?

A

To increase surface area

85
Q

What is a port whine stain? (capillary or cavernous haemangioma)

A

local over growth of blood vessels

86
Q

What disease is port whine stains associated with?

87
Q

What do Pacinan nerve receptors detect?

88
Q

What do Meissners nerve receptors detect?

89
Q

What is the cause of Neurofibromatosis?

A

Over growth of nerve endings

90
Q

Where are eccrine glands found most abundantly?

A

Hands, feet, axillary

91
Q

Where are apocrine glands founds?

A

Axillary and groin

92
Q

What glands get clogged and cause acne in teenagers?

A

Sebaceous glands

93
Q

When do apocrine glands activate?

94
Q 
There are 3 main glands in the skin. 
Sebaceous 
Aporcine
Eccrine (sweat) 
Which 2 of these glands are associated with the hair follicle?
A

Sebaceous
Aporcine

Part of pilosebaceous unit

95
Q

What does the sebaceous gland produce?

96
Q

What are the 2 main function of the sebaceous glands?

A

Control moisture loss

Protection from bacterial and fungal infections

97
Q

What are the 3 causes of acne?

A

Sebum
Blocked ducts
Bacterial activity

98
Q

What gland is androgen dependant?

99
Q

What is the nerve supply for eccrine glands?

A

Sympatheric cholingeric nerve supply

100
Q

What are the 2 main function of eccrine glands?

A

Cooling by evaporation

Moisten palms/soles for grip aid

101
Q

What is the main difference between ecrrine glands and apocrine glands?

A

Eccrine glands deposit their excretions straight onto the skin, apocrine glands do not

Dermatology (10 decks)

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