Immunology

Question 1

How does Staphylococcus appear?

Answer 1

Gram +ve cocci in clusters

Question 2

How does Staph grow?

Answer 2

Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic

Question 3

What are the 2 important kinds of staph?

Answer 3

1) Coagulase +ve [only staph aureus]

2) Coagulase -ve [staph. epidermis, staph. saprophyticus etc

Question 4

What colour is Staph Aureus when grown on agar?

Answer 4

Golden

Question 5

What colour is staph coagulase -ve when grown of agar?

Answer 5

White

Question 6

Staph aureus produced coagulase, what does this do to the body?

Answer 6

Clots plasma

Question 7

What toxins can staph aureus produce?

Answer 7

Enterotxoin
Staph scolded skin syndrome toxin (SSST)
Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

Question 8

What infection does staph -ve coagulase usually cause?

Answer 8

Infections associated with artificial material in the body e.g. artificial joint, artificial heart valves, intravenous catheters

Question 9

What makes it hard for antibiotics to get rid of staph -ve coagulase bacteria?

Answer 9

The bacteria produced a biofilm (a slime)

Question 10

What does Staph. Saprophyticus commonly cause?

Answer 10

UTI in females of child bearing age

Question 11

How does Streptococcus appear?

Answer 11

Grame +ve cocci in chains

Question 12

In what environment does strep grow?

Answer 12

Aerobically and facultatively anaerobically

Question 13

How are different kinds of strep classified?

Answer 13

Haemolysis of blood agar

Question 14

What is alpha haemolysis?

Answer 14

Partial haemoysis

Question 15

What is beta haemolysis?

Answer 15

Complete haemolysis

Question 16

What is gammae haemolysis?

Answer 16

No haemolysis

Question 17

What are the two groups of beta haemolytic strep?

Answer 17

Group A (sore throats, severe skin infections -strep pyogens) 
Group B (neonate meningitis)

Question 18

What are the two important categories of alpha haemolytic strep?

Answer 18

Strep pneumoniae (commonest cause of pneumonia)
Strep Viridans (commensals of mouth, throat, vagina, rarely causes infection)

Question 19

What are the bacteria associated with gamma haemolytic strep?

Answer 19

Enterococcus species (E. faecalis, E. Faecium)
Commensels of bowel and cause UTIs

Question 20

What are the competitive bacterial flora of the skin?

Answer 20

Staph Epidermidis
Corynebacterium Sp.
Proprionbacterium Sp.

Question 21

What skin infections does Staph Aureus cause?

Answer 21

Cellulitis 
Infected eczema 
Impetigo 
Wound infection 
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Question 22

What infections does Strep Pyogens cause?

Answer 22

Infected eczema 
Impetigo 
Cellulitis 
Erysipelas
Necrotisisng Faciitis

Question 23

What is Erysipelas?

Answer 23

Infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics

Question 24

What antibiotics used to treat staph aureus?

Answer 24

Flucloxacillin

Question 25

What antibiotic used to treat Strep. Pyogens?

Answer 25

Penecillin

Question 26

Treatment for necrotising faciitis?

Answer 26

Surgical debribement | Antibiotics

Question 27

What are the 2 types of Necrotising Faciitis?

Answer 27

Tpye 1: Mixed anaerobes and coliforms, usually post abdo surgery Type 2; Group A strep Infection

Question 28

When would you take swabs of a leg ulcer?

Answer 28

If there were signs of infection e.g. cellulitis

Question 29

What is the stererotypical appearance of fungal infection?

Answer 29

two ringed target

Question 30

What tissue does Dermatophytes infect?

Answer 30

Keratin

Question 31

What dermatophyte most commonly affects children scalps?

Answer 31

Ring worm

Question 32

What dermatophyte infection is caught from humans?

Answer 32

Anthropophilic fungi

Question 33

What dermatophyte infection is caught from animals?

Answer 33

Zoophilic fungi

Question 34

What dermatophyte infection is caught from soil?

Answer 34

Geophilic fungi

Question 35

What is the most common humanly transmitted fungal infection?

Answer 35

Trichophyton rubrum

Question 36

What is the second most common humanly transmitted fungal infection?

Answer 36

Trichophyton Mentagraphytes

Question 37

What is the most common animal transmitted fungal infection?

Answer 37

Microsporum fungi

Question 38

How to diagnose fungal infections?

Answer 38

``` Clinical appearance Woods light (fluroescence) Skin scrapings, nail clippings, hair send to lab in a "dermapack" ```

Question 39

How to treat fungal infection of small skin area/nails?

Answer 39

Clotrimazole cream | Topical nail pain (amorolfine)

Question 40

What kind of areas on the body does candid infect?

Answer 40

warm and moist areas e.g. | Under breast, groin, abdominal skin folds, nappy area in babies

Question 41

How to diagnose candida?

Answer 41

Swab

Question 42

Treatment for candida?

Answer 42

Clotrimazole cream | Fluconazole oral

Question 43

What parasite caused "scabies"?

Answer 43

Sarcoptes Scabiei

Question 44

What is the incubation period for scabies?

Answer 44

6 weeks

Question 45

Where does scabies affect on the body?

Answer 45

finger webs, wrists, genital area

Question 46

Scabies treatment?

Answer 46

``` Malathion lotion - applied over night to whole body and washed off in the morning Benzyl Benzoate (avoid in children) ```

Question 47

What parasite is the head louse?

Answer 47

Pediculus capitis

Question 48

What parasite is the body louse?

Answer 48

Pediculus corporis

Question 49

What disease is caused by Pediculus Corporis?

Answer 49

Vegabond's disease

Question 50

What parasite is the genital louse?

Answer 50

Phthirus pubis

Question 51

What is the treatments for head, body and genital louse?

Answer 51

Malathion

Question 52

What infections cause a patient to be in isolation?

Answer 52

Group A strep MRSA Scabies

Question 53

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

Answer 53

a rare hereditary defect of the enzyme system that repairs DNA after damage from ultraviolet rays, resulting in extreme sensitivity to sunlight and a tendency to develop skin cancer.

Question 54

Is xeroderma pigmentosum, which nucleotide is defective?

Answer 54

7

Question 55

What age does xeroderma pigmentosum have its onset?

Answer 55

8

Question 56

With xeroderma pigmentosum you have an increased photosensitivty, what skin damage does this cause?

Answer 56

``` BCC SCC AKs Melanomas Fibrosarcomas ```

Question 57

What are the signs of Solar Photosensitivty?

Answer 57

``` At the age of only 2 patients starts to show symptoms: Burn to the slightest sunlight Solar lentigines Dryness Atrophy Telangiectases Actinic Keratoses Produce skin cancers ```

Question 58

What is Nevoid BCC Syndrome?

Answer 58

Also known as Gorlin Syndrome. hereditary condition characterized by multiple basal cell skin cancers.

Question 59

Symptoms and Signs of Nevoid BCC Syndrome?

Answer 59

``` Early onset multiple BCCs Plamar pits Jaw cysts Ectopic calcification falx Skeletal abnormalities OFC >97th centile Cardiac/ovarian fibroma Medulloblastoma ```

Question 60

What is the most common skin cancer?

Answer 60

BCC

Question 61

How do BCCs present?

Answer 61

Painful, slow growing lumps or non-healing ulcers

Question 62

What is another word for a BCC?

Answer 62

Rodent ulcer