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Dermatology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

How does Staphylococcus appear?

A

Gram +ve cocci in clusters

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2
Q

How does Staph grow?

A

Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic

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3
Q

What are the 2 important kinds of staph?

A

1) Coagulase +ve [only staph aureus]

2) Coagulase -ve [staph. epidermis, staph. saprophyticus etc

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4
Q

What colour is Staph Aureus when grown on agar?

A

Golden

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5
Q

What colour is staph coagulase -ve when grown of agar?

A

White

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6
Q

Staph aureus produced coagulase, what does this do to the body?

A

Clots plasma

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7
Q

What toxins can staph aureus produce?

A

Enterotxoin
Staph scolded skin syndrome toxin (SSST)
Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

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8
Q

What infection does staph -ve coagulase usually cause?

A

Infections associated with artificial material in the body e.g. artificial joint, artificial heart valves, intravenous catheters

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9
Q

What makes it hard for antibiotics to get rid of staph -ve coagulase bacteria?

A

The bacteria produced a biofilm (a slime)

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10
Q

What does Staph. Saprophyticus commonly cause?

A

UTI in females of child bearing age

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11
Q

How does Streptococcus appear?

A

Grame +ve cocci in chains

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12
Q

In what environment does strep grow?

A

Aerobically and facultatively anaerobically

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13
Q

How are different kinds of strep classified?

A

Haemolysis of blood agar

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14
Q

What is alpha haemolysis?

A

Partial haemoysis

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15
Q

What is beta haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis

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16
Q

What is gammae haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

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17
Q

What are the two groups of beta haemolytic strep?

A 
Group A (sore throats, severe skin infections -strep pyogens) 
Group B (neonate meningitis)
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18
Q

What are the two important categories of alpha haemolytic strep?

A 
Strep pneumoniae (commonest cause of pneumonia)
Strep Viridans (commensals of mouth, throat, vagina, rarely causes infection)
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19
Q

What are the bacteria associated with gamma haemolytic strep?

A 
Enterococcus species (E. faecalis, E. Faecium)
Commensels of bowel and cause UTIs
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20
Q

What are the competitive bacterial flora of the skin?

A

Staph Epidermidis
Corynebacterium Sp.
Proprionbacterium Sp.

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21
Q

What skin infections does Staph Aureus cause?

A 
Cellulitis 
Infected eczema 
Impetigo 
Wound infection 
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
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22
Q

What infections does Strep Pyogens cause?

A 
Infected eczema 
Impetigo 
Cellulitis 
Erysipelas
Necrotisisng Faciitis
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23
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A

Infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics

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24
Q

What antibiotics used to treat staph aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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25
Q

What antibiotic used to treat Strep. Pyogens?

A

Penecillin

26
Q

Treatment for necrotising faciitis?

A

Surgical debribement

Antibiotics

27
Q

What are the 2 types of Necrotising Faciitis?

A

Tpye 1: Mixed anaerobes and coliforms, usually post abdo surgery
Type 2; Group A strep Infection

28
Q

When would you take swabs of a leg ulcer?

A

If there were signs of infection e.g. cellulitis

29
Q

What is the stererotypical appearance of fungal infection?

A

two ringed target

30
Q

What tissue does Dermatophytes infect?

31
Q

What dermatophyte most commonly affects children scalps?

32
Q

What dermatophyte infection is caught from humans?

A

Anthropophilic fungi

33
Q

What dermatophyte infection is caught from animals?

A

Zoophilic fungi

34
Q

What dermatophyte infection is caught from soil?

A

Geophilic fungi

35
Q

What is the most common humanly transmitted fungal infection?

A

Trichophyton rubrum

36
Q

What is the second most common humanly transmitted fungal infection?

A

Trichophyton Mentagraphytes

37
Q

What is the most common animal transmitted fungal infection?

A

Microsporum fungi

38
Q

How to diagnose fungal infections?

A 
Clinical appearance
Woods light (fluroescence) 
Skin scrapings, nail clippings, hair send to lab in a "dermapack"
39
Q

How to treat fungal infection of small skin area/nails?

A

Clotrimazole cream

Topical nail pain (amorolfine)

40
Q

What kind of areas on the body does candid infect?

A

warm and moist areas e.g.

Under breast, groin, abdominal skin folds, nappy area in babies

41
Q

How to diagnose candida?

42
Q

Treatment for candida?

A

Clotrimazole cream

Fluconazole oral

43
Q

What parasite caused “scabies”?

A

Sarcoptes Scabiei

44
Q

What is the incubation period for scabies?

45
Q

Where does scabies affect on the body?

A

finger webs, wrists, genital area

46
Q

Scabies treatment?

A 
Malathion lotion - applied over night to whole body and washed off in the morning 
Benzyl Benzoate (avoid in children)
47
Q

What parasite is the head louse?

A

Pediculus capitis

48
Q

What parasite is the body louse?

A

Pediculus corporis

49
Q

What disease is caused by Pediculus Corporis?

A

Vegabond’s disease

50
Q

What parasite is the genital louse?

A

Phthirus pubis

51
Q

What is the treatments for head, body and genital louse?

52
Q

What infections cause a patient to be in isolation?

A

Group A strep
MRSA
Scabies

53
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

a rare hereditary defect of the enzyme system that repairs DNA after damage from ultraviolet rays, resulting in extreme sensitivity to sunlight and a tendency to develop skin cancer.

54
Q

Is xeroderma pigmentosum, which nucleotide is defective?

55
Q

What age does xeroderma pigmentosum have its onset?

56
Q

With xeroderma pigmentosum you have an increased photosensitivty, what skin damage does this cause?

A 
BCC
SCC
AKs 
Melanomas
Fibrosarcomas
57
Q

What are the signs of Solar Photosensitivty?

A 
At the age of only 2 patients starts to show symptoms: 
Burn to the slightest sunlight
Solar lentigines 
Dryness 
Atrophy
Telangiectases 
Actinic Keratoses
Produce skin cancers
58
Q

What is Nevoid BCC Syndrome?

A

Also known as Gorlin Syndrome. hereditary condition characterized by multiple basal cell skin cancers.

59
Q

Symptoms and Signs of Nevoid BCC Syndrome?

A 
Early onset multiple BCCs 
Plamar pits 
Jaw cysts
Ectopic calcification falx 
Skeletal abnormalities 
OFC >97th centile 
Cardiac/ovarian fibroma 
Medulloblastoma
60
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

61
Q

How do BCCs present?

A

Painful, slow growing lumps or non-healing ulcers

62
Q

What is another word for a BCC?

A

Rodent ulcer

Dermatology (10 decks)

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