Physiology Flashcards
Dark adaptations of retina requires?
Rhodopsin synthesis
Which cardiac abnormalities results in an increased P-R interval on an electrogram?
AV block = ↑ PR interval
In andrenergic fibers, dopamine is converted to ____ by hydroxylation?
Norepinephrine
The hormone ____ aids in lactation and is secreted from ______ pituitary gland?
Prolactin; Ant. Pituitary = Lactation
How is norepinephrine removed from the synaptic cleft?
Re-uptake into the presynaptic neuron ending
At the neuromuscular junction, botulisum toxin will ____?
Inhibit the synthesis of ecetylcholine (not decrease release of)
Most proteins are absorbed through the luminal membranes of intestinal epithelial cell in the form of?
Lipoprotein
Most proteins are absorbed through the luminal membranes of intestinal epithelial cells in the form of ____?
Lipoproteins
Stimulation of symp. nervous system will cause ____?
Bronchus dialation
The post. pituitary gland secretes which of these hormones?
Vasopressin (AKA ADH)
Which of these primarily drives gasseous diffusion?
Particulate size
Diffusion = Ø energy
Which substance causes vasodilation?
Nitric Oxide
Greatest impact on pulse pressure?
Stroke volume output
*Starling’s law
Visual accommodation is accomplished by ____?
Relaxation of the cillary muscles
The function of opsonin is to ____?
Facilitate phagocytosis
Air moves into the lungs during inspiration when the ____ pressure _____?
Pleural; approximates to zero
Which of these best defines total lung capacity?
Vital capacity plus residual volume
Primary esophageal peristalsis is best described as ____?
A continuation of the pharyngeal wave
What hormone maintains uterus for implantation of fertilization ovum?
Progesterone
Which region of brain functions in the storage of memory?
Temporal (hearing/balance/long term memory/lives in calcaraine sulcus near limbic system)
Angiotensin stimulates secretion of
Aldosterone
Aortic bodies are sensitive to ____ changes?
Arterial PO2 (partial pressure of O2)
Lactase, maltase & sucrase are enzyme which can be found in the ____?
Small intestine
Majority of body heat loss at normal room temp occurs by what mech?
Radiation
Calcium reacts directly with ____ to initiate smooth muscle contraction?
Calmodulin (if striated muscle = troponin)
The static response of muscle spindle fibers is dependant upon the direct excitation of?
Nuclear chain fibers
Pulmonary dead space is best defined as _____?
Air space in respiratory passage where Ø gas exchange
Primary mechanism for absorbtion of A.A & small peptides from small intestines?
Na Co transport
Histamine stimulates gastric secretion of ____ from the ____ cells.
Hydrochloric acid, parietal (oxyntic)
Which receptor adapts most rapidly?
Pacinian corpuscle
- merkles disc = deep pressure
- meisner’s = fine touch (finger tips)
The function of T-Tubles of cardiac muscle is to ____?
Increase calcium concentration in sarcoplasm
The action potential in cardiac muscle is caused by the opening of ____ Na channels and ____ calcium chanels
Fast; Slow
During muscle contraction, _____ triggers the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
An action potential (depolarization)
During exercise, the greatest amount of energy comes from ____?
The conversion of glucose to pyrovic acid
PPP?
Which ion is normally secreted into tubular lumen @ the level of the tick ascending loop of Heile?
Sodium
Which prevents plasma protein from entering into the glomerular filtrate?
Basement membrane
The period of isolvoumetric relaxation occurs ____?
Immediately after systole
VO2 max is best described as ____?
The rate of O2 use under maximal aerobic metabolism
An increased blood concentration of ____ stimulates the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata?
Carbon dioxide
IL-1 is produced by which cells?
Marcophages (neutrophils)
Under normal physiological conditions, what plays the most important role in regulating ADH secretion?
Osmotic concentration
Initial action potential of auditory conduction occurs in the ____?
Organ of corti
Low blood concentrations of which hormones cause degeneration of the corpus luteum?
Estrogen and LH
Angiotensin II has greatest effect on what part of kidneys?
Accelerated water & sodium resportion (D.P.T)
Which of these is a potential cause of metabolic acidosis?
Diabetes mellitus
The absence of urine output during hemorrhage is principally due to ____?
Substantial elevation in central venous pressure
One mechanism of postsynaptic inhibition results from the opening of ____ channels?
Potassium
A primary function of the lymphatic system is to ____
Control the concentration of proteins in interstitial fluids.
Which of these is the major sourcwe of calcium ions in the excitation - contraction coupling of cardiac muscle?
SA node
Nerve impulses are propogated by which of the following?
Axolemma
Which occurs to the respiratory reflex as the person begins to swallow?
Pharynx closes during swallowing
Which of the following is cause of edema?
Low plasma protein levels (Kwaskirokin)
____ crosses over during smooth muscle contraction.
Calmodulin
Water is first absorbed in the ____ in relation to the loop of henle.
Proximal convoluted tuble
Which of the following cranial nerves is associated with Hering- Brewer reflex?
X (vagus, 10)
The cascading effect of protein digestion in small intestine is initiated by ____/
Enterokinase
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that is derived by conversion of _____.
Dopamine
Functional residual capacity is made up of which of the following?
Expiratory reserve and residual volume
Where is extra calcium stored for muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasm
The sempinferous glands are specialized to perform which specific function?
Produce sperm
When there is loss of QRS complex on EKG, without lengthening of the P-R interval is known as ____?
Complete heart block (bundle branch block)
Which is not involved in tetraolgy of fallot?
Dextrorotation of pulmonary a. (DRIP)
If a patient is experiencing frequent vomiting, body will attempt to balance PH by adapting to ____?
Respiratory Acidosis
Which converts in active enzyme of protein digestion in the stomach to its active form?
Hydrochloric Acid
The ejaculatory duct empties in the ____?
Prostate
seven up = order of sperm?
What hormone is responsible for onset of menstral cycle?
Estrogen (if estrogen isn’t there than progesterone)
Which hormone is responsible for the formation of the corpus Albicans?
LH
Which hormone responsible for over to leave the follicle?
LH
Which hormone is responsible for myometrium contractions?
Oxytocin
What hormone triggers release of LH?
Estrogen
Secretin is responsible for the release of a substance from the pancrease that will have what effect on small intestine?
Buffers acid chyme (secretin →BiCarb)
Hormone that takes calcium out of the blood and puts it into bone is produced by ____ cells?
Parafollicular
Hormone that increases absorption from the intestine is produced by which of the following glands?
Parathyroid
Adenohypophysis is derived from which of the following embryological structure?
Surface ectoderm (raphe’s pouch)
Diasolic mumor over 2nd intercostal space to L of sternum it is due to ____?
Pulmonic reguritation (Arms & PRTS)
If a systolic murmur is heard at fifth intercostal space, mid clavicular line it is due to _____?
Bicuspid regurgitation (not arms & PRTS)
What is directly superior to the prostate?
Ejaculatory ducts
The dorsum sell covers which of the following structures?
Neurohypophysis
Aldosterone is produced from?
Zona glomerulosa
In which protion of nephron is most potassium reabsorbed?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Transpulmonary pressure is at its greatest
End of inspiration
Goblet cells produce what substance?
Mucus
How is most carbon dioxide carried in the body?
As bicarbonate
Macrophages of skin
Langerhans cells
What has single largest capacity?
Vital capacity
Alveolar pressure is ____ as compared to atmospheric pressure?
Slightly negative
A Bohr shift to left will result in?
Increase PH
Which of the following occurs between the closing of AV and closing of semilunar valves?
Ventricular systole
Oxyntin cells are found ____ and produce ____?
Stomach; intrinsic factor
Complete digestion of protein occurs in?
Small intestine (illium)
Common bile duct is formed from?
Cystic and common hepatic duct
Red and white pulp are found in the ____?
Spleen
What ligament connects diaphragm to the liver?
Coronary ligament
Which ion is responsible for slowing the exit of potassium from the cardiac muscle cells?
Calcium
How is glucose absorbed accross intestinal wall?
Sodium Co-transport
Which substance has fewest number of iron ions?
Transferrin (hemoglobin has most)
Glucose tolerance factor contains which metal?
Chromium
Damage to which structures will lead to a coma?
Reticular formation
