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Unit 8 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, patients have (decreased/increased) PTH

A

decreased

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2
Q

In psuedohypoparathyroidism, patients have (decreased/increased) PTH

A

increased

but persistent low serum Ca2+

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3
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

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4
Q

The posterior pituitary receives (venous/arterial) blood

A

arterial

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5
Q

The anterior pituitary receives (venous/arterial) blood

A

venous (carrying neuropeptides from the hypothalamus)

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6
Q

What seven hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

Prolactin
β-endorphin
GH

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7
Q

Acidophiles are called somatotropes because they release _____

A

Growth Hormone

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8
Q

Basophiles are called Corticotropes because they release ______

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

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9
Q

Hormones stored in the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the body of ______ cells

A

neuronal cells of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Thyroid hormones are derived from (cholesterol/tyrosine)

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

A growth hormone insensitivity is called ____ syndrome

A

Laron

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12
Q

If the pituitary produces too much growth hormone in adulthood, you may get enlarged hands and jaw known as _______

A

Acromegaly

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13
Q

Both nutritional deficiency (such as celiacs) and decreased growth hormone can lead to a decrease in the hormone ______

A

IGF-1

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14
Q

If you have extra copies of the SHOX gene (short stature homeobox) such as in Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY), you will be (shorter/taller) than average

A

taller

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15
Q

Deletion of the SHOX gene will make you (taller/shorter)

A

shorter

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16
Q

The thyroid secretes mostly (T3/T4)

A

93% T4

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17
Q

Thyroid-binding globulin (TGB) carries T3 and T4 in the (thyroid follicle/systemic circulation)

A

Systemic circulation

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18
Q

Cretinism and growth retardation can be cause by a deficiency in ______

A

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

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19
Q

hyperthyroidism leads to increased expression of (alpha/beta) adrenergic receptors

A

beta

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20
Q

Dopamin and somatostatin exert (excitatory/inhibitory) effects on TSH release

A

inhibitory

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21
Q

TSH is (elevated/lowered) in primary hypothyroidism

A

elevated

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22
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland secretes mineralcorticoids?

A

zone glomerulosa

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23
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?

A

Zona fasciculata

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24
Q

Which layer of the adrenal glad secretes epinephrine?

A

Medulla

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25
Q

Loss of function of the adrenal (cortex/medulla) is fatal

A

cortex

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26
Q

The conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnenolone is done by the enzyme _______

A

20,22 desmolase

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27
Q

In the adrenal glands, the zona glomerulosa is missing the enzyme _______ causing it to convert pregnenolone into aldosterone

A

17-alpha-hydroxylase

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28
Q

The majority of cortisol in plasma is transported by _______

A

cortisol binding protein

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29
Q

Cortisol inhibits the transcription of _______ gene

A

POMC

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30
Q

Cortisol is (inflammatory/anti-inflammatory)

A

anti-inflammatory

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31
Q

Cortisol is an(immunostimulant/immunosuppresant)

A

immunosuppressive

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32
Q

ACTH is made after post-translation processing of ______

A

POMC

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33
Q

Decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone can be cause by a mutation in the gene for _________

A

21-alpha-Hydroxylase

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34
Q

A 21-alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency can lead to decreased production of ______ and ______

A

cortisol and aldosterone

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35
Q

Increased corticosterone, decreased androgen synthesis (17-α-hydroxylase/21-α-hydroxylase) deficiency

A

17-α-hydroxylase deficiency

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36
Q

Increased androgen synthesis, decreased aldosterone and decreased cortisol synthesis (17-α-hydroxylase/21-α-hydroxylase) deficiency

A

21-α-hydroxylase deficiency

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37
Q

An excess exposure to cortisol can lead to ______ syndrome

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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38
Q

A high dose of Dexamethasone can be taken overnight. If the patient’s serum cortisol remains high, then they may have ________

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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39
Q

Failure to produce enough cortisol (Cushing’s/Addison’s)

A

Addison’s disease

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40
Q

Lack of aldosterone with hypotension and hyperkalemia (Cushing’s/Addison’s)

A

Addison’s disease

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41
Q

Which hormone released from the anterior pituitary is under tonic inhibitory control by dopamine?

A

Prolactin

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42
Q

Thyroid hormone effects by (G-protien/direct transcriptional effect)

A

direct transcriptional effect

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43
Q

How does increased PTH affect PO4 reabsorption?

A

Reduces PO4 reabsorption at proximal tubules

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44
Q

How does increased PTH affect Ca2+ reabsorption?

A

increases Ca2+ reabsorption at distal tubules

45
Q

25 (OH) Vit D is converted to 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D3 by the enzyme ______

A

1-α-hydroxylase

46
Q

The action of 1-α-hydroxylase to make active Vitamin D3 ca be enhanced by increased ______

A

PTH

Parathyroid Hormone

47
Q

Chronic Vitamin D deficiency can lead to ______ in children and ______ in adults

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

48
Q

Autoimmune disease of the thyroid leading to goiter and hyperthyroid symptoms is _______

A

Graves Disease

49
Q

an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland causing primary hypothyroidism is _______

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

50
Q

Low TH with low TSH is (primary/secondary) hypothyroidism

A

Secondary

51
Q

Low TH with high TSH is (primary/secondary) hypothyroidism

A

Primary

52
Q

Which can be treated with Growth Hormone (Cushing’s/GH-1 deficiency/Turners)

A

Turner’s syndrome

53
Q

The proliferative phase of endometrial thickening is dominated by the hormone ______

A

estrogens

54
Q

The secretory phase of endometrial thickening is dominated by the hormone ______

A

progesterone

55
Q

During the menstrual phase, vasoconstriction and local ischemic injury is mediated by _______

A

prostaglandins

56
Q

During the late follicular phase, blood estradiol reaches a high level causing a surge in hormones ____ and ____ provoking ovulation

A

LH and FSH

57
Q

Estrogens are inactivated in the (organ) ______

A

liver

58
Q

The side-chain cleavage enzyme that produces pregnenolone is also known as _______

A

20,22 desmolase

59
Q

The conversion of androgens to estrogens creates an aromatic ring. The ovaries differ form the testes by have having a large amount of (enzyme) _______

A

aromatase

60
Q

The theca cell lacks activity of the enzyme ______ so it passes androstenedione to the granulosa cell for estrogen production

A

aromatase

61
Q

The granulosa cells lack activity of the enzymes ______ and ______ so they pass their progesterone to the theca cell to make androstenedione

A

17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase

62
Q

Basal body temperature rises following (menstruation/ovulation)

A

ovulation

63
Q

The primary estrogen in post-menopausal women is ______

A

esterone

64
Q

In order to prevent polyspermy, a fertilized egg undergoes the _______ reaction

A

cortical

65
Q

hCG is produce in the syncytiotrophoblasts by the (cells) _______

A

blastocyst

66
Q

Which hormone is measured in a pregnancy test?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

hCG

67
Q

The uterus is quiescent throughout most of pregnancy due to the presence of _______ and ______

A

progestogens and relaxin

68
Q

Initiation of labor contractions is induced by ______ and sustained by ______

A

induced by prostaglandins and sustained by oxytocin and more prostaglandins

69
Q

Which hormone promotes uterine contraction and milk let-down?

A

oxytocin

70
Q

Which hormone promotes milk synthesis?

A

Prolactin

71
Q

Which homones are released in response to suckling? (2)

A

prolactin and oxytocin

72
Q

The functional secretory unit of the breast is called the ______

A

alveolus

73
Q

Secreted upon initiation of lactation: _______

A

colostrum

74
Q

Why can’t you give a newborn cow’s milk?

A

It is higher in protein and electrolytes than human milk. bad for a newborn’s delicate GI system

75
Q

Which hormone maintains milk production after parturition?

A

prolactin

76
Q

If estrogen and progesterone are lost during/after pregnancy, what will happen to the breasts?

A

Lactation

prolactin will have an un-inhibited effect

77
Q

Inhibition of dopamine at the arcuate nucleus has what effect on prolactin?

A

inhibit dopamine -> release of prolactin

78
Q

Inhibiting GnRH inhibits FSH and LH. What is the effect on lactating females?

A

ovarian cycle is inhibited

79
Q

What are the four shunts of fetal circulation?

A
  1. placenta
  2. ductus venosus
  3. foramen ovale
  4. ductus arteriosus
80
Q

A fetus takes its first breath in response to _____

A

hypoxia (and hypercapnia + cold skin)

81
Q

A deficiency in lung surfactants in a premature birth can lead to _______

A

respiratory distress syndrome

82
Q

Alveolar pneumocytes that deliver surfactant (type I/type II)

A

type II

83
Q

The intervillous space is filled with (fetal/maternal) blood

A

maternal

84
Q

Opening of the neonatal lungs causes a pressure (increase/decrease) in the right ventricle

A

decrease

85
Q

Closing of placental circulation causes a pressure (increase/decrease) in the left ventricle

A

increase

86
Q

What is the effect on the foramen ovale when the neonatal left ventricle pressure rises and right ventricle pressure falls?

A

Closes foramen ovale

87
Q

A portosystemic shunt occurs with failure of the fetal _____ _____ to close

A

Ductus Venosum

88
Q

What signals the ductus arteriosus to vasoconstrict and close

A

O2

well oxygenated blood from the aorta

89
Q

Why do high altitude deliveries increase the chance of a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

lower O2

high O2 is the signal to close the ductus arteriosus

90
Q

The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct are all derived from the _______ ______

A

Wolffian Duct

91
Q

In order for the wolffian duct to develop into its final structures it must receive stimulation by the hormone _______ form leydig cells

A

testosterone

92
Q

In order for the prostate to develop it must receive stimulation from the hormone ______

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

93
Q

In males, FSH binds ______ cells to release inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

94
Q

In males, LH bind ______ cells to release testosterone

A

Leydig cells

95
Q

Hypogonadic hypogonadism with lack of pituitary hormones LH and FSH can lead to _______ syndrome

A

Kallmann

96
Q

FSH levels are higher in (males/females)

A

males (8x higher)

97
Q

A gain of function mutation in the androgen receptor can lead to degeneration of lower motor neurons known as ________

A

SBMA

Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy

98
Q

Which has Thyroid antibodies? (Grave’s/Hashimoto’s)

A

Hashimoto’s

Elevated serum TSH and thyroid antibodies

99
Q

Which has TSH receptor antibodies? (Grave’s/Hashimoto’s)

A

Grave’s

Elevated serum T3, T4, and TSH receptor antibodies

100
Q

What hormone drives the proliferative phase of endometrial thickening?

A

Estrogen

101
Q

What drives the secretory phase of endometrial thickening following ovulation?

A

Progensterone

102
Q

During the menstrual phase, vasoconstriction of spiral arteries and local ischemic injury/inflammation are mediated by _______

A

Prostaglandins

103
Q

Ovulation is controlled in the brain by the ________

A

hypothalamus

104
Q

Which increases more following menopause (FSH/LH)

A

FSH

105
Q

Both the acrosomal reaction and the cortical reaction are dependent on which ion?

A

Ca2+

106
Q

Suckling triggers a neuroendocrine response that causes release of prolactin and oxytocin while inhibiting _______ and inhibiting the ovarian cycle

A

GnRH

107
Q

Which has higher pO2, the umbilical (artery/vein)

A

vein

108
Q

NO stimulates pernile erection by increasing intracellular _____ levels

A

cGMP

109
Q

In males, production of Inhibin by Sertoli cells has direct negative feedback on the release of the hormone _______

A

FSH

Unit 8 (5 decks)

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