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Unit 8 > Microscopic Anatomy > Flashcards

Microscopic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The prefix “adeno” designates the object as ______

A

gladular

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2
Q

In the anterior pituitary, cells with colorless cytoplasm are called _____

A

chomophobes

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3
Q

In the anterior pituitary, cells with a stained cytoplasm are called _____

A

chomophils

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4
Q

Chromophils in anterior pituitary can be either basophils (red/purple) or acidophils (red/purple)

A

basophils are purple

acidophils are red (pink)

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5
Q

Herring Bodies are found in the (anterior/posterior) pituitary

A

posterior

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6
Q

Pituicytes are in the (anterior/posterior) pituitary

A

posterior

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7
Q

Hormone containing secretory granules can be found in (Pituicytes/Herring Bodies)

A

Herring Bodies

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8
Q

From outside to inside, the three layers of the adrenal cortex are the zona ____, ____ and _____

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis

G,F,R

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9
Q

Without a pituitary, the adrenal gland (shrinks/grows)

A

shrinks

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10
Q

The Anterior pituitary is derived from (oral/neural) ectoderm

A

oral

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11
Q

The Posterior pituitary is derived from (oral/neural) ectoderm

A

neural

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12
Q

Hormones that regulate growth are produced by the (Anterior/Posterior) pituitary

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis)

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13
Q

(Anterior/Posterior) pituitary contains no secretory cells but stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Posterior

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14
Q

Which cells produce growth hormone and prolactin (Acidophiles/Basophiles/Chromophobes)

A

acidophiles

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15
Q

Which cells produce glycoproteins FSH, LH, TSH? (Acidophiles/Basophiles/Chromophobes)

A

Basophiles

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16
Q

Which cells produce small peptide hormones ACTH and β-LPH?

Acidophiles/Basophiles/Chromophobes

A

Basophiles

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17
Q

Somatotropin is another word for _______

A

growth hormone

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18
Q

Glial cells in the posterior pituitary are called ______

A

pituicytes

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19
Q

Which cells in the anterior pituitary are stem cells or degranualted chromophils?
(Acidophiles/Basophiles/Chromophobes)

A

Chromophobes

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20
Q

Vasopressin and oxytocin are stored in the (anterior/posterior) pituitary

A

posterior (neurohypophysis)

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21
Q

Gonadotropic, thyrotropic and corticotropic cells are all (acidophilic/basophilic)

A

basophilic

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22
Q

Somatotropic and lactotropic cells are (acidophilic/basophilic)

A

acidophilic

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23
Q

What do basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
B-FLAT
FSH
LH
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
TSH (thyrotropin)
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24
Q

FSH and LH are produced by which cells? (gonadotropic/thyrotropic/corticotropic)

A

gonadotropic

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25
Q

ACTH and β-lipotropic are produced by which cells? (gonadotropic/thyrotropic/corticotropic)

A

corticotropic

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26
Q

The zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland, glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis produce regulate what?

A

salt, sugar, sex hormones

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

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27
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland produces _____

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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28
Q

Acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary produce ______ and ______

A

GPA

growth hormone and prolactin

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29
Q

Which hormone secreted by corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion by the adrenal cortex?

A

ATCH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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30
Q

which hormone secreted by corticotropic cells of the the anterior pituitary promotes fat utilization?

A

β-lipotropic

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31
Q

Cells with abundant rough ER and prominent Golgi usually make (protein hormones/steroid hormones)

A

protein hormones

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32
Q

Cells with abundant smoother ER and a centrally located nucleus usually make (protein hormones/steroid hormones)

A

Steroid hormones

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33
Q

Pancreatic α cells produce _____

A

glucagon

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34
Q

Pancreatic β cells produce _____

A

Insulin

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35
Q

Pancreatic δ cells produce _____

A

Somatostatin

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36
Q

Cortisol is made primarily in the zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)

A

fasiculata

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37
Q

Mineralocorticoids are made in the zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)

A

glomerulosa

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38
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by _____ cells of the parathyroid glands

A

cheif

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39
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by _____ cells of the thyroid

A

C cells = parafollicular cells

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40
Q

Thyroid hormones are secreted by _____ cells of the thyroid

A

follicular

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41
Q

Inhibits bone resorption and promotes calcification (calcitonin/PTH)

A

calcitonin

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42
Q

Increases blood calcium by regulating osteoclasts, etc. (calcitonin/PTH)

A

PTH

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43
Q

What two hormones are secreted by the neurohpophysis?

A

vasopressin

oxytocin

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44
Q

Which cells of the adrenal gland react with silver salt?

A

medulla cells

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45
Q

What is the major secretory component of thyroid follicular cells?

A

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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46
Q

Central primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous follicular epithelium.

A

Primordial follicle

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47
Q

Central primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal follicular epithelium

A

Unilaminar primary follicle

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48
Q

Central primary oocyte surrounded by stratified cuboidal epithelium called the granulosa

A

Multilaminar primary follicle

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49
Q

Central or acentric primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa, with one or more fluid-filled spaces

A

Secondary follicle

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50
Q

An extremely large secondary follicle that bulges the ovary surface outward

A

Graafian follicle

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51
Q

The stroma around developing follicles rearranges to form a sheath called the _______

A

Theca folliculi

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52
Q

Colonization of endometrial stromal and parenchymal cells outside the uterus is called ______

A

endometriosis

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53
Q

Nabothian cysts can occur in the ______ mucosa

A

cervical

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54
Q

A secondary follicle can be distinguished by the presence of an open region called an _______

A

antrum

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55
Q

The layer surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte in a multilaminar primary follicle is called the ______

A

zona pellucida

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56
Q

The mound of granulosa cells that anchor the primary oocyte to the wall of the antrum is called the ______ _______

A

cumulus oophorus

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57
Q

Granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus that directly surround the oocyte are called the _____ ______

A

corona radiata

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58
Q

The endocrine organ that develops from the remnant of the ovulated follicle is called the ______

A

corpus luteum

59
Q

Basophilic peg cells in the mucosal epithelium of the oviduct are also called _____ cells

A

secretory

60
Q

Within the mucosal folds of the oviduct, there is a loose core of connective tissue with blood vessels called the _____ _____

A

lamina propria

61
Q

The simple columnar mucosal epithelium of the oviduct is composed of two cell types, ______ cells and _____ cells

A

Ciliated cells and secretory cells

62
Q

The three layers of the uterus from outer to inner are ____, _____ and _____

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

63
Q

Very dense basophilic bodies of condensed chromatin among the uterine secretory cells are called ____ _____

A

Mitotic profiles

64
Q

The three layers of the proliferative endometrium are the:

A
  1. Basal layer
  2. functional layer
  3. suface epithelium
65
Q

In order to stain glycogen bright pink, you could use the stain ____ _____

A

Best’s carmine

66
Q

Aromatase converts precursor steroids into _______

A

estrogens

67
Q

The thick, eosinophilic layer of glycoproteins surrounding the primary oocyte, that is secreted by the primary oocyt is called the _______

A

zona pellucida

68
Q

Radiating granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte that contact the zona pellucida are called the ______

A

Corona Radiata

69
Q

highly vascular inner layer with steroid hormone-producing cells (theca externa/theca interna)

A

theca intera

70
Q

supportive outer layer of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, and collagen (theca externa/theca interna)

A

theca externa

71
Q

The programmed cell death of ovarian follicles is called _______

A

Atresia

72
Q

Which hormone stimulates ovulation by triggering changes that weaken the follicle wall and increase follicular liquid production?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

73
Q

When is the second polar body generated?

A

after fertilization

74
Q

The corpus luteum produces the hormones _____ and ______

A

estrogen and progesteron

75
Q

The large connective tissue scar that remains after corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis is called the _____

A

corpus albicans

76
Q

What are the four histological layers of the ovary?

A
  1. Germinal epithelium
  2. Tunica Albuginea
  3. Cortex
  4. Medulla
77
Q

What cells types make up an ovarial follicle?

A
  1. The oocyte
  2. Granulosa cells
  3. Theca cells
  4. Stromal cells
78
Q

What hormone initiates follicle growth?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

79
Q

What hormone sustains follicle growth (promotes follicular cell/granulosa cell proliferation)

A

Estrogen

80
Q

What structure separates the primary oocyte from the granulosa?

A

zona pellucida

81
Q

How do the primary oocyte and granulosa cells communicate across the zona pellucida?

A

gap junctions

82
Q

What cells in the ovary produce estrogen?

A

follicular cells (combined effort of both granulosa and theca cells)

83
Q

Why do Luteinized granulosa cells large, pale eosinophilic with large smooth ER and large mitochondria?

A

They are synthesizing estrogens

84
Q

Hormones: follicular cells produce _____ the corpus luteum produces ______

A

estrogen

progesterone

85
Q

Dense collagen fiber apear as a very large, mostly acellular, eosinophilic area
(corpus luteum/corpus albicans)

A

corpus albicans

86
Q

Large, pale, eosinophilic cells, large euchromatic nuclei. Prominent smooth ER, large mitochondria
(corpus luteum/corpus albicans)

A

corpus luteum

87
Q

What type of epithelium is oviduct mucosal epithelium?

A

simple columnar ciliated epithelium

88
Q

What are the two cells types in the mucosal epithelium of the oviduct?

A
  1. ciliated cells

2. secretory cells (peg cells)

89
Q

Which type of follicle: central oocyte with simple squamous epithelium

A

Primordial follicle

90
Q

Which type of follicle: central oocyte with simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Unilaminar primary follicle

91
Q

Which type of follicle: central oocyte with stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Multilaminar primary follicle

92
Q

Colonization of endometrial stromal and parenchymal cells outside the uterus is called _______

A

endometriosis

93
Q

occlusion of the cervical gland ducts within the cervical mucosa can result in ______

A

Nabothian cysts

94
Q

Which phase of endometrium is the thickest? (menstrual/proliferative/secretory)

A

secretoy

95
Q

Which phase of the endometrium has the least and shortest glands?
(menstrual/proliferative/secretory)

A

menstrual

96
Q

Which phase of the endometrium has long straight and narrow glands?
(menstrual/proliferative/secretory)

A

proliferative

become coiled in secretory

97
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. the functional layer (shed)

2. the basal layer (does not change)

98
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium are called ______

A

leiomyomas

99
Q

Dilated and coiled glands with prominent spiral arteries (uterus secretory/cervical) glands

A

uterus

100
Q

Long, non-coiled branching tubular glands (uterus secretory/cervical) glands

A

cervical

101
Q

Endometrial tissue beneath the ovary tunica albuginea can cause a _______ cyst

A

chocolate cyst

102
Q

What are the three type of breast cells required for lactation?

A
  1. duct cells
  2. secretory cells
  3. myoepithelial cells
103
Q

Which unit in the breast is the most common source of breast cancer?

A

the terminal duct lobular unit

104
Q

As sperm cells develop they are supported on the periphery of (Sertoli/Leydig) cells

A

Sertoli

105
Q

The only true cilia in the male reproductive tract are located in the _____ ______

A

ductuli efferentes

efferent ductules

106
Q

Cells in the semiforus tublules that have contractile properties to help move sperm along are called _______ cells

A

myoid

107
Q

Primary spermatocytes are (diploid/haploid)

A

diploid

108
Q

Secondary spermatocytes are (diploid/haploid)

A

haploid

109
Q

Name four functions of Sertoli cells

A
  1. support and nutrition
  2. phagocytosis of spermatid shedding
  3. secretion of testicular fluids and inhibin
  4. Blood-testis barrier to protect from immune system
110
Q

The main reservoir for sperm is the _____

A

epididymis (tail)

111
Q

The prostatic fluid contains a serine protease known as ____ ____ ____ used as marker in detecting prostate cancer

A

prostate specific antigen

112
Q

The serous sac covering the anterolateral surface of each testis is called the ______ ______

A

tunica vaginalis

113
Q

Vessels and ducts pass through the _____ _____ as they enter and leave the testis

A

mediastinum testis

114
Q

The only true cilia in the male reproductive system are in the _______ _______

A

Efferent Ductules

115
Q

seminiferous tubules have ______ epithelium

A

germinal

116
Q

tubuli recti have _____ _____ epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

117
Q

rete testies have ____ _____ and ____ ____ epithelium

A

simple squamous and low columnar

118
Q

Release of spermatozoa form sertoli cells is called _______

A

spermiation

119
Q

A protein secreted by sertoli cells and concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules

A

Androgen binding protein

120
Q

70% (the majority) of ejaculate comes from the _____ _____

A

seminal vessicles

121
Q

List 4 functions of the epididymis

A
  1. absorb testicular fluid
  2. storage of sperm
  3. sperm maturation
  4. sperm transport
122
Q

Which male accessory gland secretes fructose?

A

seminal vessicles

123
Q

Which zone of the prostate is the cite of benign prostatic hyperplasia? (Transition zone/central zone/peripheral zone)

A

Transition zone

124
Q

Which portion of the prostate is palpable during digital exam? (Transition zone/central zone/peripheral zone)

A

Peripheral zone

125
Q

In which zone of prostate does the majority of cancers come from? (Transition zone/central zone/peripheral zone)

A

Peripheral zone

126
Q

Which zone of the prostate surrounds the ejaculatory duct? (Transition zone/central zone/peripheral zone)

A

Central zone

127
Q

Which zone of the prostate surrounds the urethra? (Transition zone/central zone/peripheral zone)

A

Transition zone and peripheral zone

128
Q

List the ejaculatory sequence:

A

1) Bulbourethral and glands of littre
2) Prostate and spermatozoa
3) Seminal Vesicles

129
Q

Which gland has oxyphil cells with pink cytoplasm and smaller chief cells that produce hormones?

A

Parathyroid gland

130
Q

Which gland has an anterior and posterior lobe with Rathke’s cysts in between?

A

Pituitary gland

131
Q

Which gland has cells called argentaffin cells, due to their ability to react with silver salts?

A

Adrenal gland

132
Q

Which organ has zonas glomerulosa, fasiculata and reticularis?

A

Adrenal gland

133
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic that you are looking at the pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans

134
Q

The three identifiable parts of the mucosal folds of the oviduct are the:

A
  1. lamina propria
  2. ciliated cells
  3. secretory cells (peg cells)
135
Q

The three phases of the uterus in the menstrual cycle are the:

A
  1. Proliferative phase
  2. Secretory phase
  3. Menstrual phase
136
Q

Breast: Basophilic milk in alveolar lumen (resting/pregant/lactating)

A

lactating

137
Q

List two hormones produced in the kidney

A
  1. Erythropoietin

2. Rennin

138
Q

A medullary ray and its surrounding cortical tissue make up a _____ _____

A

renal lobule

139
Q

What are the three components of a medullary ray?

A
  1. proximal tubule
  2. distal tubule
  3. collecting tublule
140
Q

Where in the nephron does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?

A

The urinary pole of the nephron

141
Q

What are the three components of the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

1) capillary endothelium
2) shared basement membrane
3) filtration slits

142
Q

Where is erythropoietin made?

A

Endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries

143
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus

144
Q

cells derived from the theca interna of atretic follicles of the ovary; they resemble luteal cells and are an important source of estrogens

A

Interstitial glands of the ovary

Unit 8 (5 decks)

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