physiology

Question 1

3 causes of decreased lung compliance

Answer 1

pulmonary edema (ie: heart failure), pulmonary fibrosis, insufficient surfactant

Question 2

prostacyclin

Answer 2

= platelet gathering inhibitor (PGI2)
made from COX
inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation
opposes thromboxane A2

Question 3

PRL’s effect on gonadal pathway

Answer 3

PRL suppresses GnRH leading to low E, T

Question 4

anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 4

IL-10 and TBF-beta

Question 5

what makes heart valves open/close?

Answer 5

pressure differences on either side of the valve

• open when pressure is greater behind them and vice versa
• semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure overcomes aortic pressure for example

Question 6

which lab can confirm menopause?

Answer 6

elevated FSH levels

Question 7

what causes automaticity of pacemaker cells?

Answer 7

slow inward leak of sodium (funny current)

Question 8

what controls the conversion of NE to E?

Answer 8

cortisol (increases expression of PNMT)

Question 9

role of club cells in lung

Answer 9

secrete surfactant components and help detoxify inhaled substances (ie: smoke) via a cytochrome p450 mechanism

Question 10

potassium excretion in kidney

Answer 10

• mostly reabsorbed in proximal tubule and loop of Henle

- excretion (if necessary) in distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 11

diffusion-limited vs. perfusion-limited exchange in lung

Answer 11

perfusion-limited: usual resting state, exacerbated by PE (no gas exchange so PO2 will be same between trachea and alveoli)
diffusion-limited: emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis

Question 12

receptors that use JAK/STAT

Answer 12

GH, PRL, IL-2, cytokines

Question 13

hypoxic vasoconstriction

Answer 13

occurs in lungs to divert flow from under ventilated regions

hypoxia causes vasodilation in other tissues

Question 14

inulin

Answer 14

inulin clearance is approx = GFR because it is neither secreted nor reabsorbed (creatinine can also be used)

Question 15

location of NT release in CNS (NE, DA, 5-HT, ACh, GABA)

Answer 15

NE = locus ceruleus (pons)
DA = ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)
5-HT = raphe nucleus (midbrain, pons, medulla)
ACh = basal nucleus of Meynert
GABA = nucleus accumbens

Question 16

which glands secrete alkaline mucus into crypts of Lieberkuhn?

Answer 16

Brunner’s glands (found only in duodenum)

Question 17

2 exceptions to NE as neurotransmitter of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

Answer 17

1. adrenals directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons using ACh
2. sweat glands innervated by postganglionic sympathetic neurons using ACh

Question 18

C peptide

Answer 18

• formed from proinsulin in beta cell Golgi

- packed in vesicle with insulin and secreted in equimolar concentrations

Question 19

which glucose transporter is responsive to insulin?

Answer 19

GLUT-4 (found on skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes)

Question 20

type of withdrawal: yawning, lacrimation, dilated pupils, hyperactive bowel sounds

Answer 20

heroin

Question 21

which artery overlies the 3rd part of the duodenum?

Answer 21

superior mesenteric a.

Question 22

PAS stain indicates presence of ….

Answer 22

glycoproteins

Question 23

role of thyroid peroxidase

Answer 23

thyroglobulin iodination (occurs in lumen)

Question 24

snRNP function

Answer 24

help remove introns from RNA transcript (forms part of spliceosome)

Question 25

haptoglobin

Answer 25

serum protein that binds free hemoglobin and promotes its uptake by RES

Question 26

nerve roots of anal wink reflex

Answer 26

S3-4

Question 27

marker for mast cell activation

Answer 27

tryptase (released along with histamine)

Question 28

which artery runs with the radial nerve?

Answer 28

deep brachial artery

Question 29

functions of PPAR-gamma

Answer 29

transcriptional regulator of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism - increase adiponectin - increase GLUT-4 - increase fatty acid transport protein - increase insulin receptor substrate

Question 30

leukotriene B4

Answer 30

neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 31

hepatoduodenal ligament contains...

Answer 31

portal triad: hepatic a., portal v., common bile duct

Question 32

function of nucleolus

Answer 32

synthesis of ribosomal RNA

Question 33

artery that supplies femoral neck

Answer 33

medial femoral circumflex artery

Question 34

innervation of carotid sinus baroreceptors vs. aortic arch baroreceptors

Answer 34

carotid: glossopharyngeal aortic: vagus

Question 35

changes normal in heart with aging

Answer 35

- decreased left ventricle size: causes septum to take on sigmoid shape - myocardial atrophy - deposition of collagen/amyloid - accumulation of granules containing lipofuscin

Question 36

equation to calculate urine clearance of a substance

Answer 36

C = (urine concentration)(urine flow rate) / plasma concentration

Question 37

stop codons

Answer 37

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 38

safranin O stain

Answer 38

stains cartilage, mast cell granules, mucin (red)

Question 39

miosis vs. mydriasis

Answer 39

miosis: constriction, parasympathetic mydriases: dilation, sympathetic

Question 40

where does beta oxidation of very long fatty chains acids or branched point at odd-numbered carbons occur?

Answer 40

peroxisomes (not mitochondria)

Question 41

TNF-alpha

Answer 41

from macrophage - acute phase cytokine - induces systemic inflammation (ie: fever, cachexia, sepsis)

Question 42

which organ produces the most deoxygenated venous blood?

Answer 42

heart (extracts more O2 than all other organs)

Question 43

which prokaryotic polymerase has 5' to 3' exonuclease activity?

Answer 43

DNA pol I (all have 3' to 5')

Question 44

hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 44

VIP GAL | valine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, leucine