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PNS > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

refractory power sum of the eye and the main cotributor is:

A

59 diopters and the cornea
lenns refractive power is:
20 and changes to 34 when accommidation

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2
Q

the light rays of close objects fall behind the retina in ____ meanwhile in front for far objects in the _______

A

hypermetropic
myotropic (too srtong eye lens or long eye. ball)

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3
Q

the type of lenses that are used for myopic and hyperopia and astigmatism and keratooconus

A

concave and convex
cylindrical lens
lenses

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4
Q

uneven irrigular curvature of the cornea. is seen ______
buldgin of the cornea is. ____

A

astigmatism
keratoconus

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5
Q

when there is no accommodation :

A

ciliary muscles are relaxed and zonula fibers are stretched and an open iris

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6
Q

accommodation is linked to

A

convergence of the eyes and constriction of the pupil

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7
Q

intraocular pressure is ____ and abnormal elevation of it causes ____ and the rate of humor production is:

A

15 mmHg
glucoma
2-3microliter \ minuets

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8
Q

location of the optic disc and fovea

A

nasal part of the retina and has no photoreceptor
temporal to optic disc and has highest visual activity. containing many cones and less rods.

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9
Q

layers of retina are pushed aside resulting in less light scattering , absence of of blood vessels, connection between foveal cones and. ganglion, lower ratio of cones:ganglions and yellow pigmented

A

fovea centralis

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10
Q

pupil diameter ranger from ___ to ____ and the square of this diameter tells us the amount of light, of can go from ____ to _____

A

1.5 - 8
2.25 - 64

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11
Q

blood supply of the retina

A

inner two thirds by the central retina
outer third by the inner vascular choroid

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12
Q

horizontal and amarcine cells functions

A

inhibition to enhance contrast
light turn on and off and light movement respond

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13
Q

in rods, what are the type of photopigment and protein of pigment , how is it distributed and excitation duration and sensitivity to light and adaptation to dark

same for the cones

A

rhodopsin, scotopsin ,periphery , needs more time and high sensitivity slow

color pigment , photopsin , fovea, less time and less sensitivity fast

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14
Q

induction of signals of the light

A

rhodopsin (11 cis retinal + protein) > metarhodopsin 2 > phosphodiesterase > less cGMP > closure of Na channels and hyperpolarization > no inhibitory NT

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15
Q

metarhodopsin 2 pathway for vit A formation

A

break down into all trans retinal + protein > 11 cis retinal > used again

break down into all trans retinal + protein > all trans retinol (vit A) > 11 cis retinol > 11 cis retinal

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16
Q

adaptation of eyes to dark and light

A
  • more photochemicals ands Vit A converted to retinal form and increase in pupil size
  • less photochemical , retinal converted to vit A, more vit A concentration
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17
Q

ganglion cell that is small, velocity = 8, crude rod vision and directional movements

A

w ganglion cells

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18
Q

ganglion cells that are medium with 14 velocity and transmit colors

A

X ganglion cells

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19
Q

ganglion cells that are large , 50 is its velocity
- detect lights density
- detects rapid movements
- black and white vision

A

Y ganglion cells

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20
Q

Lateral geniculate body branches are:
receives info from:

A

suprechiasmic ( biological clock) , pretectal (light reflex and focus on objects) , superior colliculus
visual cortex , mesencephalon, optic erve

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21
Q

layers of the geniculate body and their innervation of the visual cortex

A
  1. magnocellular (1+2) : receive from Y and blind vision&raquo_space; innervate to C alpha
  2. parvocellular (3 > 6) : receive from x and colored &raquo_space; innervates to A, C beta , blob
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22
Q

secondary visual cortex divisions and functions

A
  • dorsal stream
    WHERE , 3D image and motion, uses black and white
  • ventral stream
    WHAT, lateral occipital complex for objects and inferior temporal for faces , colored vision
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23
Q

The softest audible sound is _ db (absolute threshold)
Normal conversation is _ db
Discomfort & damage to hearing receptors occurs at _ db
Pain occurs at _ db

A

0
60
140
160

24
Q

the total amplification of sound is — and the tympanic membrane contributes _ meanwhile ossicles amplify.
times

A

22 times
17 times
1.3 times

25
Q

reducing sound waves (attenuation) of loud sounds, 100ms latent period
• protection fromloud sounds
• reducing background voices
• decreasing senation of speech.

A

the functions of middle ear muscles

26
Q

_ covers the hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

27
Q
  • ——— is similar in composition to the ECF (high sodium & low potassium)
  • ———composed of fluid with 1 potassium and I sodium
  • Endolymph is——— mV compared to perilymph
  • Inside hair cells is ——- mV compared to perilymph
  • Inside hair cells is —— mV compared to endolymph
A

Perilymph
Endolymph
+80 -70 -150

28
Q

3500 cells
Main cells of hearing
90-95% of afferent sensory fibers come from inner cells to brain
Damage causes complete hearing loss

A

• A single row of inner hair cells

29
Q

12,500 cells
95% of them are supplied by efferent fibers from auditory nerve
Modulate the response of the inner hair cells
Stimulation of efferent fibers of auditory nerve causes
Shortening of outer hair cells
Change in the inner hair cells sensitivity
Damage causes large amount of hearing loss

A

Three rows of outer hair cells

30
Q

Difference in arrival time to each ear: to localize_
- Difference in intensity of sound reaching each ear:

A

low frequency sounds < 3000 Hz to localize high frequency sounds

31
Q

utricle senses:

A

linear horizontal acceleration
head position upright status

32
Q

saccule sense :

A

linear vertical acceleration
laying down

33
Q

the sensory part of saccule and utricle is called_____and has a gelatinous membrane filled with________

kinocilia is :

A

maccule
CaCO3
the longest stereocilia

34
Q

If bending of cilia is — the kinocilium = hair cell excitation
If bending of cilia is ___from the kinocilium = hair cell inhibition

A

toward
away from

35
Q

the sensory part in semicircular canals is called____
crista ampullaris is ______

A

capula in the ampulla
baase of the hair cells in the capula

36
Q

Left and right horizontal
Left anterior and right posterior
Left posterior and right anterior

A

nod no
head tilt
nod yes

37
Q

caloric stimulation of vistibular apparatus, irrigation with cold water causes nystagmus to the _______, meanwhile hot water causes in______ direction

it can also cause

A

opposite side
same side of the ear
nausea, vertigo too

38
Q

pathway of vestibular system

A

SC canals > vestibular nucleus > CN nuclei and then extra-ocular muscles

39
Q

vestibular nerve 2nd order to:

A

flocculonodular of cerebullum
CN 3 4 6
spinal cord

40
Q
  • Injury at the level of optic chiasm causes_______
  • Injury at the level of optic radiation causes contralateral________
A

bitemporal hemianopia
homonymous hemianopia

41
Q

macula
capula
crista ampularis

A
42
Q

orthodronic conduction is:
antidromic conduction is: and happens in:

A

one direction only
opposite direction and seen : when nerve is stimulated in the middle and axon reflex

43
Q

synaptic delay si

A

.5 ms

44
Q

acidosis and hypoxia causes :
alkilosis and caffieine and theophylline cause

A

depress
excitation

45
Q

hypoxia effects:
pressure effects:
local anesthesia effects:

A

B>A>C
A>B>C
C>B>A

46
Q

are for fast pain
are for slow pain

A

A delta
C Fibers

47
Q

compound action potential is
its average ____
peak of cap represents____

A

sum of all excitations
5-30
largest fibers

48
Q

hypocalcemia causes _____
its signs are ____

A

tetanus
chovestek and tousseau

49
Q

decreased magnisuim levels casue

A

excitaility

50
Q

neurotmesis

Neuropraxia

Axonotmesis

A

Cutting

focal demyelination

Axons are cut, but Schwann cells are in their place

51
Q

ligand dated ion channels :
g protein ccoupled receptors
2nd messenger c amp stimulation

A

nicoinic
muscarinic
adrenergic

52
Q

most of afferent (sensory) nerve fibers in ANS are

A

PSNS specially the vagus

53
Q

nocireceptors are carried by

A

SNS

54
Q

______ drug inhibits prostaglandins

A

aspirin

55
Q

lateral nuclei of hypothalamus

A

feel hunger
OSMORECEPTORS

56
Q

leptin is produced when ___ in fat deposition
ghrelin causes____
insulin causes_____
peptide YY CCK cause ____

A

increased
increases foot intake
less food
less food

PNS (6 decks)

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