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PNS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

lamina cribrosa is:
cornea is supplied by what nerve and artery :

A

is the pierced area of the sclera for optic nerve
long ciliary nerve from the ophthalmic division of trigeminal (same one innervates the iris muscles)
no blood supply

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2
Q

ciliary muscles consist of; supplied by what fibers and whats the action

A
  • meridonal fibers (extend to corneoscleral junction) and circular fibers
  • supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve > postganglionic fibers > short ciliary fibers
  • contraction causes relive of tension making the lens more convex increasing the refractive power (when looking far)
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3
Q

muscles of the iris names and their innervation and action

A

sphincter muscles : parasympathetic innervation from the oculomotor nerve (constricts in the presence of light and when accommodation)

dilator muscles: sympathetic muscles of the long ciliary nerve (low light and sympathetic acitvity)

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4
Q

ora serrata, macula lutea and fovae centralis are:

A

wavy the end of nervous tissue in retina its anterior will be columnar epthelium
in the center of retina
central to the macular lutea

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5
Q

retina cell layers:
superior to inf.

A

-photoreceptors (rod that are for dim then cones for bright light)
- bipolar cells companied by horizontal cells and amarcine cells
- ganglion cell layers
- optic nerve

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6
Q
  • aqueous humor is secreted form_____ and drained away by_____
    -vitrous body has the ____ canal that functions as ___
A

ciliary processes , schlemm canal
hyaloid canal, magnifying power of eye and support lens and hold the retinal layers against each other

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7
Q

lens consists of :

A

cuboidal epithelium anteriorly
lens fibers in the equator that are developed from the cuboidal epi.
elastic capsule

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8
Q

when we say the long ciliary nerve, where does it come from

A

trigeminal > opthalamic > nasociliary > long ciliary nerve

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9
Q

the 1/4 area of the retina called the ora serrata
what kind of epithelium it has

A

columnar epithelium

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10
Q

the aqueous hummor is drained by:

A

space called the iridoocorneal angle into the canal of schlemm

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11
Q

all of the extraocular muscles are innervated by ____ but ____ and ____ that are innervated by ____ and ____

A

oculomotor nerve
abducent n. for the lateral rectus
trochlear n. for the superior oblique

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12
Q
  • all of the extrocular muscles origins are_____
  • superior and inferior obliques insertions
A

tendinous ring

inferior oblique > floor of orbital cavity - lateral surface of the eye ball
superior oblique > posterior wall of orbital cavity - superior surface of eyeball beneath the superior rectus

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13
Q

the upper visual field projects into the _____ and lower projects to ____

above the calcarine is the:
below the calcarine is the:

the macuula luutea, in:
peripheral part in:

A

below the calcarine ( lingual)
above the. calcarine (cuneus)

post. part
ant. part

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14
Q

the auricle. contains two muscle which are ____ and innervated by _____

A

extinsic and intrinsic muscles
facial nerve

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15
Q

the outer 1\3 of the external auditory meatus is composed of ___ mean while the rest 2/3 is made of

A

elastic cartilage
bony

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16
Q

the lining skin of the external ear is supplied by what nerves

A

vagus nerve > auricular nerve
brachial plexus > great auricular nerve
trigeminal > mandibular > auriculotemporal

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17
Q

middle ear roof is formed by :

A

tegmen tympani part of the petrous part of temporal bone

above it is the meningies and brain cortex

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18
Q

middle ear floor is formed by :

A

bony plate separating it from the internal jugular vein

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19
Q

lateral wall of the middle ear is formed by the tympanic membrane, whats it?

A

diameter of 1cm and has umbo is a depression made by the malleus handle, notch of rinvius
** anterior and posterior malleolar folds**
pars falcida continuation of pars tensa

innervated by auricular nerve and auriculotemporal nerves from outside, tympanic branch from the glossopharyngeal nerve for inside

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20
Q

medial wall of the middle ear is formed by:

A

promontory from the first turn of cochlea
fenestra vestibuli (oval window)
fenestra cochleae > secondary tympanic membrane

prominence of the facial nerve canal

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21
Q

anterior wall of the middle ear is formed by

A

internal carotid artery
two canals:
auditory canal (larger and lower)
tensor timpani muscle (smaller and upper)

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22
Q

posterior wall of the middle ear is formed by:

A

mastoid antrum
pyramid
stapidus muscle

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23
Q

malleus, incus and stapes are all made of

A
  • head lateral anterior precesses and handle
  • head , short limb, long limb binding to stapes
  • neck has the stapidus insertion, ant and pst limbs and base attached by the annular lig.
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24
Q

auditory tube posterior third is made of ____ while its anterior two thirds are made of____

A

bony , cartliginous

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25
Q

relations of the mastoid antrum

A

ant: middle ear
post: sigmoid venous sinus
lat: supramreatal triangle
mid: post. semicircular canal
sup: tegmen tympani
inf: perforated with holes

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26
Q

tensor tympani m. insertion, origin , innervation and action

stapidus muscle:

A

anterior wall, handle of malleus , mandibular of trigeminal, reduces vibrations of tympanic membrane

apex of pyramid , neck of. stapes, facial nerve , diminish vibrations of stapes

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27
Q

cochlea spirals around the _____ about _____ times
it has three channels which are:

A

central modiolus /. two and a half

cochlear duct(endo),
scala vistibuli - oval window - and scala tympani -round window- (peri)

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28
Q

The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the_______, while the basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the______.

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

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29
Q

ductus utriculosaccularis links
and ductus reuniens and Inside it forms the spiral organ of

A

utricle (larger) and saccule of the vestibuli
respond to gravity and acceleration forces
ductus endolymphaticus

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30
Q

auditory pathway

A

peripheral processes synapse with corti , central processes synapses with cochlear nerve

starts by descending to branching to post and ant cochlear nerves in pons > travel medially to superior olivary and trapizoid > ascends to lateral leminiscus which consists of third orders > medial geniculate > acoustic radiation

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31
Q

CN 1 is the ______ and to test it you can ____
components ______.
origin in skull ______

A

olfactory nerve \ place coffee, vanilla and peppermint on each nostril.
sensory
cribriform plate

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32
Q

CN 2 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____

A

optic nerve, optic canal
sensory
finger about one foot from the patients ear and ask if its moving (visual field test)

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33
Q

CN 3 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and its function ____

A

oculomotor , superior orbital fissure
motor
superior. part raises eyelid and turns eyelid upward, downward and medially and constricts pupil for accommodation

34
Q

CN 4 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function is ____

A

trochlear nerve, superior orbital fissure
motor for superior oblique muscle
eyeball oblique and laterally

35
Q

CN 5 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____

A
  • trigeminal nerve,
  • superior orbital fissure > rotundum > ovale
  • sensory. > sensory > sensory + motor
  • corneal reflex, facial sensation, muscles of mastication , jaw jerk
36
Q

functions of all three (opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular) branches of trigeminal nerve

A
  • sensory of cornea, skin of forehead and scalp, eyelids and mucus of nose
  • sensory of skin over maxilla , upper jaw
  • mandibular
    1. sensory : skin of cheeks and skin over the mandible, TMJ mouth and anterior part of tounge
    2. motor : muscles of mastication and ant belly of digastric
37
Q

CN 6 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function ____

A

abducent nerve , superior orbital fissure
motor for lateral rectus
turns eyeball laterally

38
Q

CN 7 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____

A

facial nerve
internal acoustic, facial canal, stylomatoid foramen
motor , sensory and parasympathetic
facial drop , try wrinkling forehead, shut eyes tightly, grins, frowm and puff cheeks

39
Q

bells palsey is caused by ______ and recovery takes ____

A

viral. infection of facial nerve CN7 andneeds 3-5 weeks

40
Q

motor, sensory and parasympathetic facial nerve functions:

A
  • motor: muscles of face and scalp, post. belly of digastric and stylohyiod muscle
  • sensory: taste in the 2/3 of the tongue
  • parasympathetic: all glands but the parotid gland
41
Q

CN 8 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____

A

vestibulocochlear nerve , internal acoustic nerve
sensory
weber test: above head
rinne test: mastoid bone

42
Q

CN 9 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function is ____

A

glossopharyngeal nerve, jugular foramen
motor and parasympathetic and sensory
assists inn swallowing, parotid gland, taste from posterior part of the tongue and pharynx + baroreceptor

43
Q

CN 10 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____

A

vagus nerve , jugular foramen
motor and sensory/ parasympathetic?
gag reflex, soft palatine test, voice assesment

44
Q

CN 11 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and functions____

A

accessory nerve , jugular foramen
motor
muscles of soft palate , pharynx and larynx

45
Q

CN 12 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function and to test it you can ____

A

hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal canal
motor
muscles of the tounge, stick their tongue out , fasciculations

46
Q

CN 11 testing is by:

A

trapezius atrophy or asymmetry check
shoulders and sternocleidomastoid

47
Q

_____ system is widely spread compared to the other one

A

sympathetic NS

48
Q

the number of sympathetic trunks

A

2 in neck
11-12 in thoracic
4-5 in lumbar
4-5 sacral
GI (ganglion impar)

49
Q

The cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are located in the ____________of the spinal cord, extending from the__________ segment to the___________ and they exit the spinal cord via_________ and then travel through the ______ toward______

A

lateral gray columns (horns)
first thoracic
second lumbar segment
ventral roots
white communicans
paravertibral ganglia

50
Q

splanchnic is :

A

when the sympathetic efferent neurons synapse away form the paravertibral

MADE OF PREGANGLIONIG FIBERS

51
Q

few preganglionic fibers travel within the_____ splanchnic nerve, terminatin directly on the cells of the suprarenal medull

A

greater

52
Q

splanchnic nerve that penetrates the diaphragm to synapse with excitor cells in the celiac plexus, renal plexus, and suprarenal medulla

A

greater nerve

53
Q

splanchnic nerve that penetrates the diaphragm to synapse with lower part of the celiac plexus or passes lower part of the celiac plexus or passes
through to the aorticorenal ganglion and superior mesenteric ganglion

A

lesser

54
Q

Pierces the diaphragm and synapses with excitor neurons in the ganglia of the renal
plexus. is the _____ splanchnic nerve

A

least

55
Q

does the sympathetic efferent neurons form a synapse and whats their route

A

no they dont
move from white rami toward the sensory ganglia and then the central axon

56
Q

in parasympathetic of brain stem each nerve and its nuclei and ganglion names

A

3: edinger &raquo_space; ciliary
7: sup. salivatory and lacrimatory &raquo_space;. pterygopalatine
9: inf. salivary. &raquo_space;. submandibular
10: vagus &raquo_space;. otic

57
Q

parasympatheic NS in the ____ vertebri and it forms the _____ splanchnic nerves

A

S2 - S4
pelvic

58
Q

autonomic plexuses

A

thorax : cardiac, pulmonary , esophageal
abdomen : mesenteric and celiac and aortic
pelvis: hypogastrics

59
Q

______ nerves . cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus), and mucosal plexus (Meissner plexus).
_______ nerves synapse within ganglia of the hypogastric plexuses.

A

parasympatheic plexses in the cervical
pelvic splanchnic nerves

60
Q

cells and stuff that are seen in the ganglion

A

satellite cells
neurons passing
SIF (slow intensity flurescent) as interneurons

myelinated preganglionic (b fibers)
unmyelinated postgagnlionic )c fibers)

61
Q

the lumbar plexus consists of what nerves

A

the upper 4 lumbar nerves

62
Q

lumbar plexus nerves that are on the lateral side of the psoas muscle

A

L1 —> iliohypogastric (lower abdomen) and ilioinguinal ( scrotum and lower pubis area )

L2 + L3 + L4 —> the femoral nerve (Spiq and ant. skin)

L2 + L3 —> lateral cutaneous femoral

63
Q

lumbar plexus nerves that are on the medial side of the psoas muscle

A

L2 + L3 + L4 —> obturator nerve (medial muscles) and fourth femoral root

64
Q

lumbar plexus nerves that are anterior to the psoas muscle

A

L1 + L2 —> genitofemoral nerve (genital part enters the spermatic cord) (femoral part innervates the ant part skin)

65
Q

branches of the sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerves (L4 - S3)
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 - S1)
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5 - S2)
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L4 - S1)
Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5 - S2)
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh (S1 - S3)

66
Q

branches of the sciatic nerve

A

the tibial nerve (L4-S3)
common peroneal nerve (L4-S2_

67
Q

sacral plexus Branches to the Pelvic Muscles, Pelvic Viscera, and Perineum include:

A

Pudendal Nerve (S2, S3, S4)
Piriformis Muscle (S1, S2)
Splanchnic Nerve
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve

68
Q

cervical plexus cutaneous branches

A

lesser occipital (C2)
greater auricular (C2 -C3)
transverse cervical
supraclavicular (C3-C4)

69
Q

ansa cervicalis is :

A

C1-2-3
innervates all but thyrohioid

70
Q

phrenic nerve supplies _______as a motor and _____ s sensory , and the branch that pierces the diaphragm is the ____

A

diaphragm
mediastinum, peristinum and pleura
right branch

71
Q

branches that originate from the root of brachial plexuses and their functions

A
  • long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) innervates the serratus ant.
  • dorsal scapular nerve (C5) innervates the levator scapula
72
Q

branches from the trunk of the brachial plexuses and their innervations

A
  • supracalvian (5-6) : infra and supraspinatous and the glenohumoral joint
  • subcalvian (5-6)
73
Q

Branches Emerging from the Lateral Cord of the brachial plexus

A

lateral pectoral nerve ( pec. major)
lateral root of the media nerve

74
Q

Branches Emerging from the Medial Cord of the brachial plexuses

A

medial pectoral nerve (innervating both pecs)
medial cutaneous of the arm and the forearm
medial root of the median nerve

75
Q

Branches Emerging from the Posterior Cord of the brachial plexuses and innervations

A

inf and sup sub scapular (for subscapularis muscle)
thoracodorsal (innervating the lats)

76
Q

the largest branch of the brachial plexus is the

A

radial nerve

77
Q

the largest branch of the brachial plexus is the

A

radial nerve

78
Q

ces the coracobrachialis muscle and bicep and brachialis and controls their movement

A

musculocutaneous n.

79
Q

_____ nerve runs on the lateral side of the brachial A. and then cross, it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle, and continues between the flecor digi. superficialis and the profundus, ant, interosseorus arise from it

what is the nerve and what muscles does i control

A

medial nerve
minor motor nerve of the and controlling 3 thenars and 2 lumbricals

80
Q

______ nerve passes behind the lateral epicondyle between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris, it passes between the superficialis digit. and the flexor carpi ulnaris

whats the nerve and what muscles does it control

A

ulnar nerve and major motor of the hand all other hand muscles including the hypothenar

81
Q

_____ nerve enters the pos. compartment of the arm and perices above the lateral epicondyle (anterior) between the brachialis and brachioradialis and devides into _____ and moves ______

A

radal nerve
superficial, deep (post. interosseous) and articular
hand and forearm muscles

82
Q

_____ nerve enters the pos. compartment of the arm and perices above the lateral epicondyle (anterior) between the brachialis and brachioradialis and devides into _____ and moves ______

A

radal nerve
superficial, deep (post. interosseous) and articular
hand and forearm muscles

PNS (6 decks)

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