Anatomy Flashcards
lamina cribrosa is:
cornea is supplied by what nerve and artery :
is the pierced area of the sclera for optic nerve
long ciliary nerve from the ophthalmic division of trigeminal (same one innervates the iris muscles)
no blood supply
ciliary muscles consist of; supplied by what fibers and whats the action
- meridonal fibers (extend to corneoscleral junction) and circular fibers
- supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve > postganglionic fibers > short ciliary fibers
- contraction causes relive of tension making the lens more convex increasing the refractive power (when looking far)
muscles of the iris names and their innervation and action
sphincter muscles : parasympathetic innervation from the oculomotor nerve (constricts in the presence of light and when accommodation)
dilator muscles: sympathetic muscles of the long ciliary nerve (low light and sympathetic acitvity)
ora serrata, macula lutea and fovae centralis are:
wavy the end of nervous tissue in retina its anterior will be columnar epthelium
in the center of retina
central to the macular lutea
retina cell layers:
superior to inf.
-photoreceptors (rod that are for dim then cones for bright light)
- bipolar cells companied by horizontal cells and amarcine cells
- ganglion cell layers
- optic nerve
- aqueous humor is secreted form_____ and drained away by_____
-vitrous body has the ____ canal that functions as ___
ciliary processes , schlemm canal
hyaloid canal, magnifying power of eye and support lens and hold the retinal layers against each other
lens consists of :
cuboidal epithelium anteriorly
lens fibers in the equator that are developed from the cuboidal epi.
elastic capsule
when we say the long ciliary nerve, where does it come from
trigeminal > opthalamic > nasociliary > long ciliary nerve
the 1/4 area of the retina called the ora serrata
what kind of epithelium it has
columnar epithelium
the aqueous hummor is drained by:
space called the iridoocorneal angle into the canal of schlemm
all of the extraocular muscles are innervated by ____ but ____ and ____ that are innervated by ____ and ____
oculomotor nerve
abducent n. for the lateral rectus
trochlear n. for the superior oblique
- all of the extrocular muscles origins are_____
- superior and inferior obliques insertions
tendinous ring
inferior oblique > floor of orbital cavity - lateral surface of the eye ball
superior oblique > posterior wall of orbital cavity - superior surface of eyeball beneath the superior rectus
the upper visual field projects into the _____ and lower projects to ____
above the calcarine is the:
below the calcarine is the:
the macuula luutea, in:
peripheral part in:
below the calcarine ( lingual)
above the. calcarine (cuneus)
post. part
ant. part
the auricle. contains two muscle which are ____ and innervated by _____
extinsic and intrinsic muscles
facial nerve
the outer 1\3 of the external auditory meatus is composed of ___ mean while the rest 2/3 is made of
elastic cartilage
bony
the lining skin of the external ear is supplied by what nerves
vagus nerve > auricular nerve
brachial plexus > great auricular nerve
trigeminal > mandibular > auriculotemporal
middle ear roof is formed by :
tegmen tympani part of the petrous part of temporal bone
above it is the meningies and brain cortex
middle ear floor is formed by :
bony plate separating it from the internal jugular vein
lateral wall of the middle ear is formed by the tympanic membrane, whats it?
diameter of 1cm and has umbo is a depression made by the malleus handle, notch of rinvius
** anterior and posterior malleolar folds**
pars falcida continuation of pars tensa
innervated by auricular nerve and auriculotemporal nerves from outside, tympanic branch from the glossopharyngeal nerve for inside
medial wall of the middle ear is formed by:
promontory from the first turn of cochlea
fenestra vestibuli (oval window)
fenestra cochleae > secondary tympanic membrane
prominence of the facial nerve canal
anterior wall of the middle ear is formed by
internal carotid artery
two canals:
auditory canal (larger and lower)
tensor timpani muscle (smaller and upper)
posterior wall of the middle ear is formed by:
mastoid antrum
pyramid
stapidus muscle
malleus, incus and stapes are all made of
- head lateral anterior precesses and handle
- head , short limb, long limb binding to stapes
- neck has the stapidus insertion, ant and pst limbs and base attached by the annular lig.
auditory tube posterior third is made of ____ while its anterior two thirds are made of____
bony , cartliginous
relations of the mastoid antrum
ant: middle ear
post: sigmoid venous sinus
lat: supramreatal triangle
mid: post. semicircular canal
sup: tegmen tympani
inf: perforated with holes
tensor tympani m. insertion, origin , innervation and action
stapidus muscle:
anterior wall, handle of malleus , mandibular of trigeminal, reduces vibrations of tympanic membrane
apex of pyramid , neck of. stapes, facial nerve , diminish vibrations of stapes
cochlea spirals around the _____ about _____ times
it has three channels which are:
central modiolus /. two and a half
cochlear duct(endo),
scala vistibuli - oval window - and scala tympani -round window- (peri)
The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the_______, while the basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the______.
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
ductus utriculosaccularis links
and ductus reuniens and Inside it forms the spiral organ of
utricle (larger) and saccule of the vestibuli
respond to gravity and acceleration forces
ductus endolymphaticus
auditory pathway
peripheral processes synapse with corti , central processes synapses with cochlear nerve
starts by descending to branching to post and ant cochlear nerves in pons > travel medially to superior olivary and trapizoid > ascends to lateral leminiscus which consists of third orders > medial geniculate > acoustic radiation
CN 1 is the ______ and to test it you can ____
components ______.
origin in skull ______
olfactory nerve \ place coffee, vanilla and peppermint on each nostril.
sensory
cribriform plate
CN 2 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____
optic nerve, optic canal
sensory
finger about one foot from the patients ear and ask if its moving (visual field test)
CN 3 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and its function ____
oculomotor , superior orbital fissure
motor
superior. part raises eyelid and turns eyelid upward, downward and medially and constricts pupil for accommodation
CN 4 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function is ____
trochlear nerve, superior orbital fissure
motor for superior oblique muscle
eyeball oblique and laterally
CN 5 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____
- trigeminal nerve,
- superior orbital fissure > rotundum > ovale
- sensory. > sensory > sensory + motor
- corneal reflex, facial sensation, muscles of mastication , jaw jerk
functions of all three (opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular) branches of trigeminal nerve
- sensory of cornea, skin of forehead and scalp, eyelids and mucus of nose
- sensory of skin over maxilla , upper jaw
- mandibular
1. sensory : skin of cheeks and skin over the mandible, TMJ mouth and anterior part of tounge
2. motor : muscles of mastication and ant belly of digastric
CN 6 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function ____
abducent nerve , superior orbital fissure
motor for lateral rectus
turns eyeball laterally
CN 7 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____
facial nerve
internal acoustic, facial canal, stylomatoid foramen
motor , sensory and parasympathetic
facial drop , try wrinkling forehead, shut eyes tightly, grins, frowm and puff cheeks
bells palsey is caused by ______ and recovery takes ____
viral. infection of facial nerve CN7 andneeds 3-5 weeks
motor, sensory and parasympathetic facial nerve functions:
- motor: muscles of face and scalp, post. belly of digastric and stylohyiod muscle
- sensory: taste in the 2/3 of the tongue
- parasympathetic: all glands but the parotid gland
CN 8 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____
vestibulocochlear nerve , internal acoustic nerve
sensory
weber test: above head
rinne test: mastoid bone
CN 9 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function is ____
glossopharyngeal nerve, jugular foramen
motor and parasympathetic and sensory
assists inn swallowing, parotid gland, taste from posterior part of the tongue and pharynx + baroreceptor
CN 10 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and to test it you can ____
vagus nerve , jugular foramen
motor and sensory/ parasympathetic?
gag reflex, soft palatine test, voice assesment
CN 11 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and functions____
accessory nerve , jugular foramen
motor
muscles of soft palate , pharynx and larynx
CN 12 is the ______ origins in skull ______
components ______
and function and to test it you can ____
hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal canal
motor
muscles of the tounge, stick their tongue out , fasciculations
CN 11 testing is by:
trapezius atrophy or asymmetry check
shoulders and sternocleidomastoid
_____ system is widely spread compared to the other one
sympathetic NS
the number of sympathetic trunks
2 in neck
11-12 in thoracic
4-5 in lumbar
4-5 sacral
GI (ganglion impar)
The cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are located in the ____________of the spinal cord, extending from the__________ segment to the___________ and they exit the spinal cord via_________ and then travel through the ______ toward______
lateral gray columns (horns)
first thoracic
second lumbar segment
ventral roots
white communicans
paravertibral ganglia
splanchnic is :
when the sympathetic efferent neurons synapse away form the paravertibral
MADE OF PREGANGLIONIG FIBERS
few preganglionic fibers travel within the_____ splanchnic nerve, terminatin directly on the cells of the suprarenal medull
greater
splanchnic nerve that penetrates the diaphragm to synapse with excitor cells in the celiac plexus, renal plexus, and suprarenal medulla
greater nerve
splanchnic nerve that penetrates the diaphragm to synapse with lower part of the celiac plexus or passes lower part of the celiac plexus or passes
through to the aorticorenal ganglion and superior mesenteric ganglion
lesser
Pierces the diaphragm and synapses with excitor neurons in the ganglia of the renal
plexus. is the _____ splanchnic nerve
least
does the sympathetic efferent neurons form a synapse and whats their route
no they dont
move from white rami toward the sensory ganglia and then the central axon
in parasympathetic of brain stem each nerve and its nuclei and ganglion names
3: edinger »_space; ciliary
7: sup. salivatory and lacrimatory »_space;. pterygopalatine
9: inf. salivary. »_space;. submandibular
10: vagus »_space;. otic
parasympatheic NS in the ____ vertebri and it forms the _____ splanchnic nerves
S2 - S4
pelvic
autonomic plexuses
thorax : cardiac, pulmonary , esophageal
abdomen : mesenteric and celiac and aortic
pelvis: hypogastrics
______ nerves . cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus), and mucosal plexus (Meissner plexus).
_______ nerves synapse within ganglia of the hypogastric plexuses.
parasympatheic plexses in the cervical
pelvic splanchnic nerves
cells and stuff that are seen in the ganglion
satellite cells
neurons passing
SIF (slow intensity flurescent) as interneurons
myelinated preganglionic (b fibers)
unmyelinated postgagnlionic )c fibers)
the lumbar plexus consists of what nerves
the upper 4 lumbar nerves
lumbar plexus nerves that are on the lateral side of the psoas muscle
L1 —> iliohypogastric (lower abdomen) and ilioinguinal ( scrotum and lower pubis area )
L2 + L3 + L4 —> the femoral nerve (Spiq and ant. skin)
L2 + L3 —> lateral cutaneous femoral
lumbar plexus nerves that are on the medial side of the psoas muscle
L2 + L3 + L4 —> obturator nerve (medial muscles) and fourth femoral root
lumbar plexus nerves that are anterior to the psoas muscle
L1 + L2 —> genitofemoral nerve (genital part enters the spermatic cord) (femoral part innervates the ant part skin)
branches of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerves (L4 - S3)
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 - S1)
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5 - S2)
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L4 - S1)
Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5 - S2)
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh (S1 - S3)
branches of the sciatic nerve
the tibial nerve (L4-S3)
common peroneal nerve (L4-S2_
sacral plexus Branches to the Pelvic Muscles, Pelvic Viscera, and Perineum include:
Pudendal Nerve (S2, S3, S4)
Piriformis Muscle (S1, S2)
Splanchnic Nerve
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve
cervical plexus cutaneous branches
lesser occipital (C2)
greater auricular (C2 -C3)
transverse cervical
supraclavicular (C3-C4)
ansa cervicalis is :
C1-2-3
innervates all but thyrohioid
phrenic nerve supplies _______as a motor and _____ s sensory , and the branch that pierces the diaphragm is the ____
diaphragm
mediastinum, peristinum and pleura
right branch
branches that originate from the root of brachial plexuses and their functions
- long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) innervates the serratus ant.
- dorsal scapular nerve (C5) innervates the levator scapula
branches from the trunk of the brachial plexuses and their innervations
- supracalvian (5-6) : infra and supraspinatous and the glenohumoral joint
- subcalvian (5-6)
Branches Emerging from the Lateral Cord of the brachial plexus
lateral pectoral nerve ( pec. major)
lateral root of the media nerve
Branches Emerging from the Medial Cord of the brachial plexuses
medial pectoral nerve (innervating both pecs)
medial cutaneous of the arm and the forearm
medial root of the median nerve
Branches Emerging from the Posterior Cord of the brachial plexuses and innervations
inf and sup sub scapular (for subscapularis muscle)
thoracodorsal (innervating the lats)
the largest branch of the brachial plexus is the
radial nerve
the largest branch of the brachial plexus is the
radial nerve
ces the coracobrachialis muscle and bicep and brachialis and controls their movement
musculocutaneous n.
_____ nerve runs on the lateral side of the brachial A. and then cross, it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle, and continues between the flecor digi. superficialis and the profundus, ant, interosseorus arise from it
what is the nerve and what muscles does i control
medial nerve
minor motor nerve of the and controlling 3 thenars and 2 lumbricals
______ nerve passes behind the lateral epicondyle between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris, it passes between the superficialis digit. and the flexor carpi ulnaris
whats the nerve and what muscles does it control
ulnar nerve and major motor of the hand all other hand muscles including the hypothenar
_____ nerve enters the pos. compartment of the arm and perices above the lateral epicondyle (anterior) between the brachialis and brachioradialis and devides into _____ and moves ______
radal nerve
superficial, deep (post. interosseous) and articular
hand and forearm muscles
_____ nerve enters the pos. compartment of the arm and perices above the lateral epicondyle (anterior) between the brachialis and brachioradialis and devides into _____ and moves ______
radal nerve
superficial, deep (post. interosseous) and articular
hand and forearm muscles
