physiology Flashcards
Non nutritent ecoli
Acanthamabea
Enzymes that control translation
Translation is the production of an amino acid sequence from mRNA in the cytoplasm. It is controlled by 2 main enzymes: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (which helps join tRNA to its specific amino acid) and by peptidyl transferase which involves the uncoupling of the tRNA from the amino acid and joining of the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
Cells that produce eicosanoids
Prostaglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes are all eiconsanoids, produced from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins and thromboxane require cyclo-oxygenase, while leukotrienes require lipoxygenas
Which is the most appropriate imaging modality for a patient with a suspected exacerbation of thyroid eye disease?
T2 with STIR
Where does post transcriptional modifications take place
Nucleus
Translation occurs in
Cytosol
Crossing over occurs in what stage of reproduction
Prophase I
Independent assortment
Genes appear in the same order but different alleles
Genetic linkage is
genes inherited due to close proximity
5 main functional group of the golgi apparatus
cis golgi network
cis golgi
medial golgi
trans golgi
trans golgi netwrok
Function of RER
Lots of ribosome attached to it to give rough appearance
Proteins from cytoplasm processed before reaching Golgi apparatus
Extensively present in cells which produce secretory proteins
Post-translational modification of proteins occur here. Folding of proteins occur here
Adhesion of ribosomes is energy dependent. Ribosome detaches in hypoxic cell injury where ATP/GTP synthesis reduced
Proteins are destined for:
Secretion into extracellular matrix eg: enzymes
Cell membrane eg: channels
Membrane bound vesicles: enzymes of lysosymes
If proteins are not folded properly, a stress response known as unfolded protein response ( UPR) is generated.
UPR and mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR) mediate apoptosis, protein translation, autophagy, ATP supply
Function of SER
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Synthesis of phospholipids, steroids
Contain cytochrome p450 for metabolism of drugs and toxin
Storage of glycogen in cell region rich in SER
In muscle, known as sarcoplasmic reticulum
PAX 6
Anirdia, AD foveal hypoplasa
Pax 2
Optic nerve colomba
Pax 3
Waardenberg syndrome
AD cornea dystrophy ?
Meesman dystrophy - Beta 1g- h3 gene
Reiss BUckle - Thiel Buckle
Granular dystrophy - BIGH 3 gene
AD lens and anterior segment?
Marfans fibrillin1 gene
Anirdia PAx6 gene
X linked dominant?
Inconinteima pigmentii
Alport syndrome
A
AD vitroretinal ?
Sticklers, RP (20-25%), Best
Relatationship between gene legnth and x linked retinopathies /
Positive correlation
Percent of females with x linked disorders
13%
CHM?
Loss of REP1 affects rab protein: loss of autoflouresence.
OCT structural changes in RPE
Cells that produce mucus?
Goblet cells
lacrimal acinar cells,
corneal epithelium
conjunctival epithelium
Principal mucin in tears ?
MU5AC - secreted by goblet cells along with TFF1 and TFF3
Accumlation of goblets cells on tarsal conjunctiva and bulbar conjunctiva?
Tarsal - Henles crypts
Bulbar - Manz glands - near limbus
T helper 1 actiavtes?
INFy, IL2 and TNF a and b, intracellular pathogens
T helper 2 activates ?
IL4, IL5 and ail10, Extracellular pathogens and allergic eye conditions
Th17 activates ?
IL7, 21,22,24
associated with retinonit acid receptor related oprhan receptor; receptor alpha
Immunity against extracellular patogens
Defence of mucosal system
Dysregulation with systemic infalmmaotory
Associated with birdshor chroiretinopahty
Treg cell
Express CD4, 35, and FOXP3
2x types ntreg and itreg
activate TGFB and IL10
MMP hypersensitivity ? mechanism ? antigen against what anitbodies?
Type 2.
Antibodies against cell surface in BM zone.
BP 2 against BP120, 230 and lumin 332.
Type 7 collagen and overexpression of il1 and TNFa
Associate with HLA DR4
Direct investgation of MMP ?
Micrscopy: Tissue bond to IgG, IgA and complex c3.
Visulaizes in viv obond immunoreactant along BM zone
Sensitivity 40 -100%
if neg –> biopsy
Most common collagen in sclera?
Type 1
A 21-year-old man with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus presents with hypothyroidism. His HLA (human leukocyte antigen) haplotype is most likely to be:
HLA B27
HLA A1 B8 DR3
HLA B51
HLA DR4 and DR1
HLA A1 B8 DR3 is commonly associated with organ specific autoimmune disease. IDDM can also be associated with DR4.
HLA B27 is strongly associated with seronegative arthritis, and HLA B51 is associated with Behcet’s disease.
HLA DR1 and DR4 (or a shared epitope in these class II proteins) is associated with RA (rheumatoid arthritis).
Tyrosine kinase uveitogenic pathway ?
Melanocytes associated with Vogt Kayandi Harda
Recoverin
Calcium binding protein. Target for anticancer
Bovine melanin protein uvetigoenic pathway
Choroidal disease
Retinal S ag protein uvetigoenic pathway
photorecepetor area of retina; pineal gland
Prothrombotic precurosrs
Von Willebrand,
Factor IXa and X
Factor V
Thromboplastin
Antithrombotic Modulators
fPA: plasminogen–>plasmin
Antithrombin 3 –> ianactivates thrombin
Factor XIIa, XIa, Xa, IXa
Thrombomodulin –> protein C–> inactivates V and VII
Muller cells are associated with what Mac Tel ?
Type 2
Cytokine required for the development of each CD4
IL-2/ TGF beta: T reg
IL12: Th1
IL2,IL4: Th2
IL6, IL21, IL23, TGF beta: Th17