Pharmacology and Microbiology Flashcards
How are step pneumonia resistant to phagocytosis?
Due to capsular polysaccharide layer
Treatment of actinomyces and nocardia?
SNAP
Actinomyces; Sulphonamide
Nocardia; Penicillin
Legionella.. Type of bacteria? Agar and stain ?
What electrolyte imbalance occurs?
Legionella gram negative
Silver stain
Grows on charcoal yeast extract medium with iron and cysteine
Hyponatremia
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - type of bacteria? What does it produce - PEEP
Aerobic
Gram negative
Produces:
Phospholipase
ENdotoxin
Exotoxin A inhibits EF2
Pigments; Pyocyanin - blue /green
Examples of Exotoxin bacteria?
Botulin Toxin
Diphtheria cholera
Examples of endotoxin bacteria ? What does they activate.
What are more toxic - endo or exotoxin
Endotoxin
outter cell memberane of most gram negative bacteria
Lipid A component of LPS - sturcutural part of lps
Bacterial chromospme
Festure include fever, shock, DIC
Indices TNF, IL1 and Il6,
Poorly antigenic
No toxoids formed and no vaccinable available
Stable at 100eg for 1 hr
Menigoccous
All DNA are double stranded except
Parovirus
All RNA are single stranded except
Reovirdiae
Features of DNA
DSDNA
Linear genome
Are isocahederal - except pox
Replicate in nucleus - indenpent f RNA polymerase
Viral replication process?
Adhesion
-collision
-electrostatic attachement
-host cell replication
Penetration
Capsid removal by host cell
Nucleic acid replication
HSV binds to what glycoprotein to enter host ?
Binding to gD receptors include:
Nectin 1; membrane of igG superfamily
Nectin 2; HVEM aka herpes viral entry mediator - TNF superfamily -facilitate penetration of capsid into host cell
HSV1 -
HSV2
1 - cold sores
2 - genital sores
Vaccination for herpes zoster ? type of vaccine
Zosatrix - live attenuated vaccine. not used in IC people. One dose required
Shingarix - used in IC people
contains VZV glycoprotein
Vaccine effocency - Phase 3: 2 doses 97% in >90yo, 91% in 71yo
Shingrx efficacy after one dose and two dose
One dose 57
Two dose 70
Adenovirus - type of bacteria?
Subtype that leads to
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
Pharyngoconjunctivitis fever
Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Acute follicular
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 8.9.27
Pharyngoconjunctivitis fever 3,7
Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis 11,21
Acute follicular 1-10
CMV affects on the eye, describe the histology, what it binds to ?
Causes aids retinitis; show full thickness retinal necrosis, affects the retina prematurely at posterior pole
Features include; haemorrhage, exudates, cotton wool spots, vision lost
Owl eye includson bodies
Latent in mononuclear cells
Binds to integrin - heparin sulphate
Features of the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis?
Unilateral onset of preauricular lymphadenopathy
nilateral follicular conjunctivitis
Epithelial opactities fade in 4 week
Subepithelial opactiies –> 2 year
Time course of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis?
Foreign body sensation, periorbital ain, Diffuse superficial keratitis,
Subepithelial opactieis form under focal epithelal infilterates
Diagnosis of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis?
Immunoassay
Rubella ? rash? other name for it ? Infectivity
Transmission
Incubation
Blueberry muffin rash
3 days pre and post rash
Respiratory
12-24 days
Congenial features of Rubella ?
Pigmentary retinopathy
Catract
Glaucoma
Cloudy corena
Micro-ophthalmia
Measles - type of virus
Transmission
Treatment
Infectivity ?
ssRNA
Nasopharygneal secretions
Mother to child
4 days pre and post rash
Severe complication of Measles ?
Subacute sclerotising pancephalitis - unvaccinated children get disease 6-8 yeaer after infection
Symptoms of subacute scleroising pancephalitis
acute
delayed
Acute:
Memory impairment, behavioural delay, visual impairment
Delayed: Myoclonos, spastic, paresis, dementia, death 1-3 eyars
In subacute scleroising pancephalitis do nerological or ocular feature occur first ?
and by how many years ?
Ocular features by 2 year
feautres includ; focal retinits, RPE change, Pailloedema, OD swelling, optic atrophy,
Diagnosis of subacute scleroising pancephalitis do neurological
EEG abnormality
IgG antibody in plasma/ CSF
What are the 3 structural genes in HIV?
Env - gp120, gp41
Gag - p24 and p17
POL - TIP
Disease that occur when the CD 4is
<500
<200
<100
<50
<500 - candida, EBV, HPV,TB
<200 - pneumocystis pneumonia - ground glass
<100 - CMV, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus neoformans
<50 - mycobacterium avium
Cancer associated wit hHIV most common and second most common
Most common - Kaposi
Second: Non Hodgkin B cell lymphoma
chlamydia?
2 forms
Obligate intercellular parasite of mucsal epithelial cells
2 form: InfectiousL Elementary - outside of host
Reproduction: reticulate; inside of eukaryote, replicate by binary fission
Infectious conjunctivitis more common;
children
Adult
Child: bacteria ;HIB and strep
Adult: Adenovirus, herpes and herpes zoster
Immune mechanism in Helminth
Mast cell and IgE
Bacteria and virus
IgG, complemetns, neutrophils
Pneumonia and encapsulated organism ?
IgM, Macrophage and complement
Myobacterium
Cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, delayed hypersensitivity
Sphyllis
Macrophages, delayed hypersensitivity
Most common anaerobe seen in chronic endophthalmitis ?
Propionibacterium
Bacteria most common with older people and type of bacteria?
Gram Negative
Demodex folliculorm
Demodex Brevis
Toxoplasmosis ? causes what uveitis
How is it transmitted ?
What are the 3 forms?
Posterior uveitis
Transmitted via feline
3 forms;
Oocyst - contains sporozoites 10-12 micrometer
Tachyzoite - infectious form 4-8 micrometer
Bradyzoite - latent in tissue 10-200 micrometer
Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors at the 50s subunit
Cephalosporin
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Macrolides; Azithro,
Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors at the 50s subunit
Aminoglycosides; gent
Tetracyclines; tetra, doxy, erythromycin
DNA Gyrase inhibitor binding to what? Examples
Work by binding to topi II and IV Fluroquinolone
Quinolone
Peptidoglycan crosslinking inhibitors ?
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
1-4 generation cepharlosporin are resistant against
LAME
Listeria
MRSA
Enterococci
Atypical - chlamydia and mycobacteria
Benefit of 3rd generations cephalosporin? and examples
Crosses BBB
effective against gram -ve
Example; Ceftazidine; Psuedomonads
Ceftriaxone: meningitis gonorrhoea
Mechanism of action of chloroquine?
What parasite is toxic to it ?
SE
Prevents the break down of haem. Haem builds up and is toxic to plasmodia
P. Falcifarum resistance by intracellular pump.
Retinioathy
Rash
MOA of amphoceterin?
Affect cell memberane integerity. Binds to ergosterol and form pores which allows leakage of electrolyes.
CLinical use; serous systemic myocese
MOA of azoles
Inhibit fungal ergoesterol synthesis by inhibiting cyp450 tat required to convert lanesterol to ergsterol
MOA of grisefluvin?
Interferese with microtubules function –> disrupts mitosis deposits in keratin rich tissues
Inhibitions of nucleic acid synthesis in viral cells
Inhibitions of nucleic acid synthesis in viral cells
Guanosine analogs; Acyclovir/ Famcloir, Ganclovir
Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor; Cidofvir, Foscarnet
Guanosine analogs; Acyclovir/ Famcloir, Ganclovir MOA
Monophosphorlyate by HSV and VZV thymidine kinase. Not phosphorylated in uninfected cells . Not effective against CMV as does not have any TK.
Guanosine analogs used for CMV and MOA
Gangcliovir
MOA guanosine analog 5’ monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase
Are staph and strep anaerobic or aerobic
Gram positive cocci
Staphylococcus-occurs in clusters
Streptococcus-occurs in chains
All gram positive cocci are aerobes
Gram positive bacilli
Gram positive bacilli
Aerobes-bacillus
Anaerobes
Sporing-Clostridium
Non sporing-Actinomycetes, Propionibacterium
Foscarnet antiviral MOA ?
Viral DNA / RNA polymerase inhibitor and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Binds to pyrophosphate binding site of enzyme. Does not requires
FOScarnet=pyroFOSphate analog
What is the typical time period from inoculation to symptoms in Adult chlamydial conjunctivitis ?
1-2 weeks
Vancomycin
MOA
Effective against
Use
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic
2) Mechanism of action: Binds to pentapeptide chains and prevents the assembly of peptidoglycans in the cell wall causing cell lysis
3) Bactericidal activity against gram-positive organism
4) Use: Intravitreal treatment of endophthalmitis
What are the virulence factor of acathanomeba
Virulence factors involve adhesion capabilities to the ocular surface
Mannose-binding lectin is associated with virulence and has a higher level of expression in pathogenic strains
Mannose induced protein (MIP) is a protease with collagenase activity that can damage the cornea epithelium.