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Pharmacology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The outer leaflet of the cell membrane is composed of:

A

Sphingomyelin and Phosphatidylcholine

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2
Q

The integral proteins which are essential in the structural integrity of the cell are held together by:

A

Hydrophobic interactions

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3
Q

Intracellular structure between cells that divides the cell into the basolateral and the apical membrane:

A

Zonula Occludens or Tight junctions

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4
Q

Intracellular structure between cells that are involved in rapid intercellular communication:

A

Gap junctions

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5
Q

Intracellular structure between cells that increases the surface area:

A

Zonula adherens

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6
Q

Intracellular disk shaped structure between cells that provides tight intracellular adhesion:

A

Macula adherens/Desmosomes

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7
Q

What are the integral proteins inside the tight junctions?

A

Claudins

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8
Q

Enzyme deficient on Krabbe Disease:

A

Galactocerebrocidase

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9
Q

Most important characteristic of hydrophobic molecules in their cellular permeability:

A

Lipid solubility

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10
Q

Formula for flux

A

J = PA (C1-C2)

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11
Q

What are the important characteristics of a carrier mediated transport system?

A

Stereospecificity, saturation, competetion

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12
Q

What is the formula for osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure = concentration x number of dissociable particles

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13
Q

Diffusion potential that balances the tendency for diffusion created by differences in solution concentration:

A

Nernst potential

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14
Q

What are the astrocytes in the grey matter that secretes substances that maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and NTs?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

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15
Q

Syndrome characterized by marked autoantibodies against calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal leading to decrease NTA release:

A

Lambert Eaton Syndrome

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16
Q

What would be the diagnosis if there is the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF analysis in a patient with distinct episodes of neurologic deficits separated in time and attributable to white matter lesions that are separate in space?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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17
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released in the hypothalamus that is also called the PIF or the Prolactin Inhibitory Factor?

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

True or false: Epinephrine has a greater B2 effect than NE?

A

True

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20
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord:

A

Glycine

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21
Q

May inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain:

A

GABA

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22
Q

May excitatory NT of the brain formed by the amination of alpha ketoglutarate:

A

Glutamate

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23
Q

Opioid receptor acted upon by morphine that results in respiratory depression:

A

Mu

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24
Q

Type of muscle fiber characterized as slow twitch, rich in myoglobin, and is used for endurance (undergoes Oxidative Phosphorylation):

A

Type I

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25
Q

Protein that binds myosin to z lines and binds z lines to m lines:

A

Titin

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26
Q

Protein associated with Muscular Dystrophy that prevents contraction induced rupture:

A

Dystrophin

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27
Q

Protein the binds Actin to Z lines:

A

Actinin and Cap Z

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28
Q

Protein that binds z lines to the sarcolemma:

A

Desmin

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29
Q

Toxin that prevents the release of Ach from the pre synaptic terminals:

A

Botulinum toxin

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30
Q

Substance that blocks the reuptake of Choline into the presynaptic terminal:

A

Hemicholinium

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31
Q

Substance that competes with Ach receptors for Motor end plate:

A

Curare

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32
Q

Substance that inhibits acetylcholinesterase:

A

Neostigmine

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33
Q

Sensory fiber type involved in touch, pain, temperature, and pressure:

A

Type III

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34
Q

General fiber type of post ganglionic neurons that are also involved in slow pain sensation:

A

Type C

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35
Q

Which order of neurons in the sensory pathway may decussate? (Spinal cord)

A

2nd order

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36
Q

What is the neurotransmitter utilized in slow pain sensation?

A

Substance P

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37
Q

Chemical neurotransmitters secreted in the Spinal dorsal horn:

A

Serotonin and Enkephalin

38
Q

Chemical neurotransmitters secreted in the DRG:

A

Opioid

39
Q

Which structure in the eye has the most contribution to its refractive power?

A

Cornea

40
Q

Sequence of events from the ciliary muscle when the eye undergoes accommodation or focuses on a nearby object:

A

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax, lens become spherical

41
Q

Eye condition wherein the lens is characterized as long, light rays converge in front of the retina, and is corrected by biconcave lenses:

A

Myopia

42
Q

Refractive error wherein there is too great curvature or thee is irregular non uniform curvature of the cornea; It is also where light rays converge at different locations in relation to the retina:

A

Astigmatism

43
Q

Astigmatism is best corrected by what type of lens?

A

Cylindrical

44
Q

Condition characterized by loss of accommodation that occurs ate age >40 y/o related to inability of the ciliary muscles to contract:

A

Presbyopia

45
Q

Cells that maintain the inner geometry of the Retina:

A

Muller cells

46
Q

Lesions in the Meyer’s loop or the temporal lobe lead to which type of vision loss:

A

Pie in the sky or Contralateral Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

47
Q

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia is produced by lesions in which optic pathway?

A

Optic tract and geniculocalcrine tract

48
Q

The physiologic blind spot corresponds to which structure in the eye?

A

Optic disc

49
Q

Steps in RODS photoreception:

A

Vitamin A 11 cis - 11 all trans - metarhodopsin - transductin - increase phosphodiesterase - decrease cGMP - decrease sodium influx - hyperpolarization - decrease glutamate

50
Q

E wave in 2d Echo

A

Early diastolic filling

51
Q

Percentage of ATP used to produce heat:

A

60%

52
Q

Scattered specific cells which lie close to the basement membrane of the bronchi and bronchioles:

A

Kulchitsky cells

53
Q

Mechanism of growth hormone:

A

Tyrosine kinase (everything that grows Tyrosine kinase)

54
Q

Most abundant component of the cell membrane:

A

Protein

55
Q

What is the formula for Effective osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure x Reflection coefficient

56
Q

Among endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, which has opioid peptide has the most affinity to Mu receptors?

A

Endorphins

57
Q

Extrapyramidal tract that stimulates both flexors and extensors:

A

Pontine reticulospinal tract

58
Q

Spinal tract that stimulates both flexors and extensors:

A

Pontine reticulospinal tract

59
Q

Spinal tract that inhibits both flexors and extensors:

A

Medullary reticulospinal tract

60
Q

Spinal tract that inhibits extensors and stimulates flexors:

A

Rubrospinal tract/Midbrain red nucleus

61
Q

What is the most potent vasoconstrictor?

A

Vasopressin

62
Q

What is increased in Restrictive lung disease? FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, or FRC?

A

Normal or increased FEV1/FVC

63
Q

What is increased in OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease? FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, or FRC?

A

FRC

64
Q

Average Cardiac output at rest:

A

5L

65
Q

Pressure in the systemic pressure when heart stops:

A

Mean Systemic Filling Pressure

66
Q

Blood vessel with the greatest resistance:

A

Arterioles

67
Q

Arteries that contain stressed volume:

A

Arteries

68
Q

Blood vessels where most of the blood are contained:

A

Veins

69
Q

Pre and Post ganglionic nerve fibers utilizes what type of neurons?

A

Pre Type B, Post Type C

70
Q

Nerve fibers for sexual sensations and smell?

A

Type C

71
Q

Secondary afferents of muscle spindle; also for touch and pressure?

A

Type A-beta

72
Q

Gamma motor neurons of muscle spindles:

A

Type A-gamma

73
Q

Skeletomotor fibers, large alpha motor neurons; also Afferent neurons for muscle spindles and golgi tendon:

A

Type A-alpha

74
Q

Motor nerve fibers for slow and fast pain respectively:

A

Slow - type C; Fast type - A-delta

75
Q

Onion shaped tactile receptors for high frequency vibration:

A

Pacinian

76
Q

Tactile receptor for low frequency:

A

Meissner

77
Q

Tactile receptor for steady pressure:

A

Ruffini

78
Q

FSSF (1122)

A

Meissner, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian

79
Q

Tactile receptor for texture:

A

Meissner and Merkel

80
Q

Retinal glial cells:

A

Muller cells

81
Q

Ganglion cells for color form and fine details:

A

P cells (M cells for illumination; W - unknown)

82
Q

EEG wave when eyes are open (awake) and during REM sleep:

A

Beta waves

83
Q

EEG wave on NREM:

A

Delta waves

84
Q

EEG wave when eyes are closed (awake):

A

Alpha

85
Q

NTAs that increases from NREM to awake:

A

NE, Histamine, Serotonin

86
Q

Main mechanism for heat loss:

A

Radiation

87
Q

Formula for BLOOD PRESSURE:

A

CO X TPR

88
Q

Cardiac output formula:

A

SV x HR

89
Q

Venous return formula:

A

MSFP - RAP/RVR

90
Q

MAP formula:

A

DP + 1/3(PP)

91
Q
A

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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