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Pharmacology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

In sickle cell anemia, which amino acid is replaced and at which number of position?

A

Glutamate with valine, position 6

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2
Q

Mode of inheritance of Sickle cell disease:

A

Homozygous recessive

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3
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

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4
Q

Syndrome characterized by Hematuria, Bilateral hearing loss, and Lens defect:

A

Alport’s syndrome

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5
Q

The most common form of Osteogenesis imperfecta is characterized by an abnormality in the what type of collagen and what pattern of inheritance?

A

Collagen Type I, Autosomal Dominant

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6
Q

Reticulin is formed by which type of collagen?

A

Type III

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7
Q

What is the earliest symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness

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8
Q

Demyelination of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts happens when one is deficient in which Vitamin?

A

Vitamin E

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9
Q

True or false, vitamin B9 deficiency leads to neurologic symptoms.

A

False (Only Vit B12 deficiency leads to neurologic symptoms

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10
Q

Dermatan sulfate is composed of sugars:

A

Iduronic acid and N acetyl galactosamine (Heparan sulfate - Glucosamine and glucuronic acid, Heparin - iduronic acid and glucosamine, Keratan sulfate - galactose and n acetylglucosamine, Chondroitin sulfate - n acetyl galactosamine and glucuronic acid, Hyaluronic acid - n acetyl glucosamine and glucuronic acid)

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11
Q

Lipid enzyme involved in hydrolyzing the 1st and 3rd position of triglycerides into free fatty mono acyl glycerides:

A

Pancreatic lipase

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12
Q

Dimercaprol and antimycin A inhibits which complex at the Electron transport chain?

A

Complex III - Coq-b-c1 complex/oxidoreductase

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13
Q

What are the enzymes utilized in the Electron Transport chain? Enumerate

A

Complex 1 NADH, Complex 2 succinate dehydrogenase, Complex 3 oxidoreductase, Complex 4 cytochrome c oxidase

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14
Q

What is the intermediate of Pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

A

Oxaloacetate - by action of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (Fermentation intermediate - Ethanol, Citric acid cycle - acetyl coa, lactate - anaerobic glycolysis)

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15
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis:

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

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16
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis:

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

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17
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle:

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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19
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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20
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis:

A

Glutamine PRPP amido transferase

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21
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine syntehsis:

A

CPS II

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22
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Urea cycle:

A

CPS I

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23
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Fatty acid synthesis:

A

Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase

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24
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis:

A

HMG CoA Synthetase

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25
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA Reductase

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26
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in beta oxidation:

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

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27
Q

Refers to the transfer of energy (thermal) between to bodies that are of different temperatures:

A

Heat (Exergonic or Endergonic)

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28
Q

Mode of heat loss if the skin temperature is greater than the environment:

A

Radiation, Conduction

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29
Q

Heat transfer by movement of fluid, air, or water:

A

Convection

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30
Q

High intensity shivering uses glucose in generating heat for short term use as opposed to that of low intensity shivering which uses what for long term use?

A

Lipids/fats

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31
Q

Achiral amino acid:

A

Glycine

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32
Q

Polar uncharged amino acids:

A

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

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33
Q

Amino acid that disrupt the alpha helix of proteins

A

Glycine (also major inhibitory NTA, Precursor for heme synthesis)

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34
Q

Amino acid that carries ammonia from tissues to liver:

A

Alanine

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35
Q

MSUD deficient enzyme

A

a-keto acid dehydrogenase

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36
Q

Amino acid with the largest side chain:

A

Tryptophan

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37
Q

Aromatic amino acids:

A

Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine

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38
Q

Imino acid:

A

Proline

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39
Q

Specialized protein that is required for the proper folding of proteins:

A

Chaperones

40
Q

Amino acid structure not affected by denaturation:

A

Peptide bond (denaturation affects the secondary and tertiary structures)

41
Q

Bonds that stabilize secondary structures:

A

Hydrogen bonding

42
Q

Treatment for methemoblobinemia:

A

Methylene blue (chocolate cyanosis - meth, co2 poisoning - cherry red)

43
Q

How many alleles are missing in Barts hemoglobinemia:

A

3

44
Q

Chromosome location of alleles of Alpha and Beta chain of Hgb:

A

16 and 11

45
Q

Collagens are rich in which amino acids:

A

Glycine and Proline

46
Q

Collagen deficient in Epidermolysis Bullosa

A

Collagen type VII

47
Q

The cartilage are made up of which type of collagen:

A

Type II

48
Q

Collagen deficient in severe type of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome:

A

Collagen Type III

49
Q

Mineral required for Cross linking of tropocollagen:

A

Copper

50
Q

Defective collagen in syndrome characterized by bilateral hearing loss, ocular lesions, and gross hematuria:

A

Collagen Type IV (Alport syndrome, X linked)

51
Q

Defective gene in Marfan syndrome:

A

Fibrillin (Autosomal dominant)

52
Q

In emphysema, elastase destroys the alveolar walls. What protein is deficient in this case?

A

A1 antitrypsin

53
Q

IN alpha thalassemia, how many alleles are missing for Hemoglobin H disease?

A

3 alleles

54
Q

Immunoglobulin region that has both a constant and a variable region and is also the antigen binding site:

A

Fab region (Fc determines the isotype, only constant region, site of complement and macrophage binding)

55
Q

Oligosaccharides have how many carbohydrate units?

A

3-10

56
Q

Non reducing sugars:

A

Sucrose and Trehalose

57
Q

Isomers that differ only in the configuration around 1 carbon atom:

A

Epimers

58
Q

Mirror image of carbohydrates:

A

Enantiomers

59
Q

Type of Glucose transporters in the Brain and Placenta:

A

Glut 3

60
Q

Short chain FAs have _ number of carbon atoms while VLCFA have _ number of carbon atoms:

A

2-6, 22

61
Q

Carnitine precursor:

A

Lysine

62
Q

Essential FA that is the parent compound of arachidonic acid:

A

Linoleic acid

63
Q

Essential FA that is needed for the development of fetal brain and retina:

A

a-Linolenic acid (where DHA is produced from)

64
Q

Position of double bonds, hydroxyl, and hydrocarbon chains in cholesterol:

A

Double bonds: Carbon 5 and 6 B ring, Hydrocarbon chain on Carbon 17, Hydroxyl group on ring A with Hydroxyl group on Carbon 3

65
Q

Primary bile acids:

A

Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid, (RE 7 a hydroxylase_

66
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cytosol

67
Q

End product of glycolysis:

A

Pyruvate or lactate (2 molecules)

68
Q

Enzyme in the conversion of Pyruvate to oxaloacetate:

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

69
Q

Biochemical pathways that occur in the mitochondria and the cytosol:

A

Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis

70
Q

Lysosomal acid maltase deficiency:

A

Pompe disease

71
Q

Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency:

A

Von Gierke disease

72
Q

Liver phosphorylase deficiency:

A

Hers disease

73
Q

Most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans:

A

G6PD

74
Q

Antibiotics associated with Serotonin syndrome:

A

Oxazolidinones

75
Q

Notable side effect of Streptogramins (Quinupristin and Dalfopristin)

A

Arthralgia myalgia syndrome

76
Q

Aminoglycosides are ineffective for anaerobes because they require _ fir uptake:

A

Oxygen

77
Q

Enumerate 5 aminoglycosides:

A

GNATS (Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)

78
Q

Aminoglycoside for hepatic encephalopathy:

A

Neomycin

79
Q

Aminoglycoside for Visceral leishmaniasis:

A

Paromomycin

80
Q

Aminoglycoside with the narrowest TI:

A

Amikacin

81
Q

Vestibulotoxic aminoglycosides:

A

Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin

82
Q

DOC for Toxoplasmosis:

A

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine (Plus Leucoverin)

83
Q

DOC for PCP pneumonia and Nocardiosis:

A

Co-Trimoxazole

84
Q

Antibacterial that inhibits DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase) that also exhibits a post antibiotic effect)

A

Quinolones

85
Q

Most common type of glycolysis:

A

Aerobic (EMP pathway)

86
Q

Pathway in the synthesis of acidic sugars:

A

Uronic acid pathway

87
Q

Pathway in the synthesis of sorbitol (reduced sugar):

A

Polyol pathway

88
Q

Final common pathway for the oxidation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins:

A

TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

89
Q

Pathway in the synthesis of 16 carbon Palmitate from acetyl CoA:

A

Lipogenesis

90
Q

Pathway in the breakdown of palmitate to acetyl CoA:

A

Lipolysis (Beta oxidation)

91
Q

Lactate in muscle is converted back to glucose in the liver:

A

Cori cycle

92
Q

In the muscle, pyruvate is converted to alanine where it is transferred to the liver where the u

A

Glucose-Alanine pathway

93
Q

Pathway that provides the energy required for gluconeogenesis:

A

Beta oxidation

94
Q

The irreversible steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by the following enzymes:

A

Glucokinase, PFCK, Pyruvate kinase

95
Q
A

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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