Biochemistry Flashcards by Gilead Tungol

In sickle cell anemia, which amino acid is replaced and at which number of position?

Glutamate with valine, position 6

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Mode of inheritance of Sickle cell disease:

Homozygous recessive

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What are the stop codons?

UAG, UGA, UAA

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Syndrome characterized by Hematuria, Bilateral hearing loss, and Lens defect:

Alport’s syndrome

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The most common form of Osteogenesis imperfecta is characterized by an abnormality in the what type of collagen and what pattern of inheritance?

Collagen Type I, Autosomal Dominant

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Reticulin is formed by which type of collagen?

Type III

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What is the earliest symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

Night blindness

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Demyelination of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts happens when one is deficient in which Vitamin?

Vitamin E

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True or false, vitamin B9 deficiency leads to neurologic symptoms.

False (Only Vit B12 deficiency leads to neurologic symptoms

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Dermatan sulfate is composed of sugars:

Iduronic acid and N acetyl galactosamine (Heparan sulfate - Glucosamine and glucuronic acid, Heparin - iduronic acid and glucosamine, Keratan sulfate - galactose and n acetylglucosamine, Chondroitin sulfate - n acetyl galactosamine and glucuronic acid, Hyaluronic acid - n acetyl glucosamine and glucuronic acid)

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Lipid enzyme involved in hydrolyzing the 1st and 3rd position of triglycerides into free fatty mono acyl glycerides:

Pancreatic lipase

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Dimercaprol and antimycin A inhibits which complex at the Electron transport chain?

Complex III - Coq-b-c1 complex/oxidoreductase

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What are the enzymes utilized in the Electron Transport chain? Enumerate

Complex 1 NADH, Complex 2 succinate dehydrogenase, Complex 3 oxidoreductase, Complex 4 cytochrome c oxidase

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What is the intermediate of Pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

Oxaloacetate - by action of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (Fermentation intermediate - Ethanol, Citric acid cycle - acetyl coa, lactate - anaerobic glycolysis)

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Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis:

Phosphofructokinase 1

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Rate limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

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Rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis?

Glycogen phosphorylase

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Rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis

Glycogen synthase

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Rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis:

Glutamine PRPP amido transferase

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Rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine syntehsis:

CPS II

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Rate limiting enzyme in Urea cycle:

CPS I

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Rate limiting enzyme in Fatty acid synthesis:

Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase

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Rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis:

HMG CoA Synthetase

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Rate limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis

HMG CoA Reductase

Rate limiting enzyme in beta oxidation:

Carnitine acyltransferase I

Refers to the transfer of energy (thermal) between to bodies that are of different temperatures:

Heat (Exergonic or Endergonic)

Mode of heat loss if the skin temperature is greater than the environment:

Radiation, Conduction

Heat transfer by movement of fluid, air, or water:

Convection

High intensity shivering uses glucose in generating heat for short term use as opposed to that of low intensity shivering which uses what for long term use?

Lipids/fats

Achiral amino acid:

Glycine

Polar uncharged amino acids:

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

Amino acid that disrupt the alpha helix of proteins

Glycine (also major inhibitory NTA, Precursor for heme synthesis)

Amino acid that carries ammonia from tissues to liver:

Alanine

MSUD deficient enzyme

a-keto acid dehydrogenase

Amino acid with the largest side chain:

Tryptophan

Aromatic amino acids:

Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine

Imino acid:

Proline

Specialized protein that is required for the proper folding of proteins:

Chaperones

Amino acid structure not affected by denaturation:

Peptide bond (denaturation affects the secondary and tertiary structures)

Bonds that stabilize secondary structures:

Hydrogen bonding

Treatment for methemoblobinemia:

Methylene blue (chocolate cyanosis - meth, co2 poisoning - cherry red)

How many alleles are missing in Barts hemoglobinemia:

Chromosome location of alleles of Alpha and Beta chain of Hgb:

16 and 11

Collagens are rich in which amino acids:

Glycine and Proline

Collagen deficient in Epidermolysis Bullosa

Collagen type VII

The cartilage are made up of which type of collagen:

Type II

Collagen deficient in severe type of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome:

Collagen Type III

Mineral required for Cross linking of tropocollagen:

Copper

Defective collagen in syndrome characterized by bilateral hearing loss, ocular lesions, and gross hematuria:

Collagen Type IV (Alport syndrome, X linked)

Defective gene in Marfan syndrome:

Fibrillin (Autosomal dominant)

In emphysema, elastase destroys the alveolar walls. What protein is deficient in this case?

A1 antitrypsin

IN alpha thalassemia, how many alleles are missing for Hemoglobin H disease?

3 alleles

Immunoglobulin region that has both a constant and a variable region and is also the antigen binding site:

Fab region (Fc determines the isotype, only constant region, site of complement and macrophage binding)

Oligosaccharides have how many carbohydrate units?

3-10

Non reducing sugars:

Sucrose and Trehalose

Isomers that differ only in the configuration around 1 carbon atom:

Epimers

Mirror image of carbohydrates:

Enantiomers

Type of Glucose transporters in the Brain and Placenta:

Glut 3

Short chain FAs have _ number of carbon atoms while VLCFA have _ number of carbon atoms:

2-6, 22

Carnitine precursor:

Lysine

Essential FA that is the parent compound of arachidonic acid:

Linoleic acid

Essential FA that is needed for the development of fetal brain and retina:

a-Linolenic acid (where DHA is produced from)

Position of double bonds, hydroxyl, and hydrocarbon chains in cholesterol:

Double bonds: Carbon 5 and 6 B ring, Hydrocarbon chain on Carbon 17, Hydroxyl group on ring A with Hydroxyl group on Carbon 3

Primary bile acids:

Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid, (RE 7 a hydroxylase_

Where does glycolysis happen?

Cytosol

End product of glycolysis:

Pyruvate or lactate (2 molecules)

Enzyme in the conversion of Pyruvate to oxaloacetate:

Pyruvate carboxylase

Biochemical pathways that occur in the mitochondria and the cytosol:

Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis

Lysosomal acid maltase deficiency:

Pompe disease

Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency:

Von Gierke disease

Liver phosphorylase deficiency:

Hers disease

Most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans:

G6PD

Antibiotics associated with Serotonin syndrome:

Oxazolidinones

Notable side effect of Streptogramins (Quinupristin and Dalfopristin)

Arthralgia myalgia syndrome

Aminoglycosides are ineffective for anaerobes because they require _ fir uptake:

Oxygen

Enumerate 5 aminoglycosides:

GNATS (Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)

Aminoglycoside for hepatic encephalopathy:

Neomycin

Aminoglycoside for Visceral leishmaniasis:

Paromomycin

Aminoglycoside with the narrowest TI:

Amikacin

Vestibulotoxic aminoglycosides:

Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin

DOC for Toxoplasmosis:

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine (Plus Leucoverin)

DOC for PCP pneumonia and Nocardiosis:

Co-Trimoxazole

Antibacterial that inhibits DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase) that also exhibits a post antibiotic effect)

Quinolones

Most common type of glycolysis:

Aerobic (EMP pathway)

Pathway in the synthesis of acidic sugars:

Uronic acid pathway

Pathway in the synthesis of sorbitol (reduced sugar):

Polyol pathway

Final common pathway for the oxidation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins:

TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

Pathway in the synthesis of 16 carbon Palmitate from acetyl CoA:

Lipogenesis

Pathway in the breakdown of palmitate to acetyl CoA:

Lipolysis (Beta oxidation)

Lactate in muscle is converted back to glucose in the liver:

Cori cycle

In the muscle, pyruvate is converted to alanine where it is transferred to the liver where the u

Glucose-Alanine pathway

Pathway that provides the energy required for gluconeogenesis:

Beta oxidation

The irreversible steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by the following enzymes:

Glucokinase, PFCK, Pyruvate kinase

Biochemistry Flashcards

(95 cards)