Physiology

Question 1

1.

Which one of these coumpound does not have a nuclear receptor ?
* retinoic acid
* thyroid hormone
* vitamin D
* erythropoietin

Answer 1

erythropoietin

EPO has a membranous receptor associated with tyrosine kinase that lead to activation of JAK/STAT signaling cascade

Question 2

In eukariotic cells, the first process of gene expression is called:
* Is called transcription and occurs in the nucleus
* Is called translation and occurs in the nucleus
* Is called transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm
* Is called translation and occurs in the cytoplasm

Answer 2

Is called transcription and occurs in the nucleus

Transcription is the second process (synthesis of protein from RNA); it occurs in the ribosomes

Question 3

Transfer RNA (tRNA):
* is implied in translation process
* is a coding RNA molecule
* is responsible for the transport of the genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
* is responsible for correct assembling of aminoacids

Answer 3

is responsible for correct assembling of aminoacids

Transfer RNA is a non coding RNA molecule that is responsible for correct RNA reading and correct
transcription into aminoacids assemblage. RNA resulting from transcription is called primary transcript.

Question 4

Messenger RNA (mARN):
* is implied in transcription process
* is a coding RNA molecule
* is responsible for the transport of the genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
* is responsible for correct assembling of aminoacids

Answer 4

is responsible for the transport of the genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 5

micro RNA:
* are responsible for the transport of the genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
* are implied in transcription process
* are coding RNA molecules
* modulate post-transcriptional genetic expression

Answer 5

modulate post-transcriptional genetic expression

micro RNA can inhibit traduction of RNA or can degrade it. It represents a form of RNA interference.

Question 6

One of the following factors does not act through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs):
* epidermal growth factor (EGF)
* insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1)
* tissue factor
* platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Answer 6

tissue factor

Question 7

In adult humans, total body water is around
* 75%
* 60%
* 45%
* 80%

Answer 7

60%

slightly less in females

Question 8

The intravascular compartment represents … of the total extracelullar fluid (ECF):
* 20%
* 40%
* 50%
* 70%

Answer 8

20%

Leavong 75% of interstitial fluid and 5% of transcellular fluid such as synovial fluid or CSF

Question 9

Compared to blood plasma, intracellular fluid is:
* High in Na+
* Low in K+
* Low in Cl-
* Of higher osmolality

Answer 9

Low in Cl-

Question 10

SLC carriers:
* stand for substrate carrier
* hydrolyze ATP
* are coupled to an electron transport
* rely on facilitated diffusion

Answer 10

rely on facilitated diffusion

They are either cotransporters or exchangers

Question 11

Na-K pump:
* extrudes two K+ ions
* extrudes two Na+ ions
* uptakes two K+ ions
* uptakes three NA+ ions

Answer 11

uptakes two K+ ions

Question 12

In parietal cells HK pump:
* uptakes H+ across the apical membrane into the gland lumen
* extrudes HCO3- across the apical membraneinto the gland lumen
* is a H+ K+ cotransport
* is an ATPase

Answer 12

is an ATPase

Uptakes 2K+ and extrude 2H+

Question 13

The MDR1 multidrug-resistance transporters (false answer) :
* does not require energy
* is expressed in kidney
* Extrudes cationic metabolites across membranes
* is expressed in GI tract

Answer 13

does not require energy

It is an ATPase