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principles key points > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids, surrounds epithelial cell membrane

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2
Q

what are dicking marker acceptors

A

inner membrane surface interact with secretory vesicles for exocytosis

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3
Q

what are membrane carbohydrates

A

cancer biomarkers

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4
Q

what does antiport mean

A

different directions

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5
Q

K equilibrium potential

A

-90mV

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6
Q

Na equilibrium potential

A

60mV

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7
Q

nerve cell resting potential

A

-70mV

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8
Q

whne is sodium perumuability > potassium permuability

A

60mV

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9
Q

when is there equal sodium and potassium permuability

A

0mV

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10
Q

when is potassium permuability > sodium permuability

A

90mV

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11
Q

thermoceptors

A

sense chnges in central hypothalamus and abdo organs, peripheral in skin

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12
Q

control centre of temperature

A

hypothalamus recieves neural inputs from receptors

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13
Q

fever classification

A

38-40

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14
Q

hyperthermia classification

A

> 40

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15
Q

hypothermia classification

A

<35

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16
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose -> fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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17
Q

enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

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18
Q

gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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19
Q

what is glycolysis

A

phosphorylation reaction

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20
Q

lipolysis

A

lipids-> fatty acid + glycerol

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21
Q

lipolysis occurs via

A

hormone sensitive lipase

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22
Q

lipogenesis

A

energy -> stored fat

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23
Q

what does glucose do

A

inhibit glucagon secretion

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24
Q

blood brain barrier

A

glucose obligate, plasma fatty acids cannot pass

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25
Q

whats released in stress to raise blood glucose

A

adrenaline and cortisol

26
Q

what happens in prolonged fasting

A

glucose concentration is increased by cortisol and growth hormone stimulating protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

27
Q

what prevents hypoglycaemia after eating protein

A

glucose

28
Q

when does glucogin affect glucose

A

in absorptive and post absorptive states

29
Q

what does glucose prevent

A

hepatic carbohydrate / lipid metabolism

30
Q

what is insulin

A

anabolsim, hormone of fed state

31
Q

when is insulin secretion increased

A

if there is increased glucose

32
Q

what does insulin stimulate

A

glucose ->glycogen

33
Q

insulin sensitive tissues

A

kidneys, RBCs, Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose, vardiac muscle

34
Q

excerisse effect on insulin

A

decreased insulin secretion, stopping excess glucose uptake by muscles preventing hypoglyceamia

35
Q

eating effect in insulin

A

increased insulin secretion by incretins

36
Q

examples of intecrins

A

GIP, cholecystokinin, CCK released in GIT, feed forward

37
Q

what happens in fed absorptive state

A

b cells secrete more insulin to inhibit catabolism

38
Q

what happens in post absorptive fasing

A

most beta cells secrete less insulin

39
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion

A

decreased glucose and increased sympathetic activity

40
Q

what is glucagon

A

catabolism, storage molecule for carbohydrates in liver and muscle cells

41
Q

structure of glucagon

A

polymer, glucose molecules linked together in chains, alpha 1,4 glyosidic bonds, glycogenin enzyme at centre

42
Q

what hormone is glucogon

A

hormone of the hungry state

43
Q

when is glucagon levels high

A

post absorptive fasting state

44
Q

where and when is glucagon secreted

A

pancreatic alpha cells when amino acid levels are high

45
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and triglycerides – fatty acids and lipolysis in adipocytes

46
Q

what is stimulated by sympathetic activity

A

amino acids - glucose

47
Q

absorptive state

A

glucose and insulin rises, glucagon falls

48
Q

post absorptive fasting state

A

lipids from adipose tissue (ketogenesis), amino acids fro muscle (gluconeogenesis)

49
Q

what stimulates protein synthesis in the liver

A

fatty acids stored of triglycerides, inhibits fatty acid oxidation

50
Q

adiposity signal causes

A

glucose uptake, blood to skeletal muscle/fat via GLUT4 more insulin more GLUT4

51
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion

A

sympathetic

52
Q

what stimulates insulin secretion

A

parasympathetic

53
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

childhood onset, no insulin secretion - cell function, insulin, injections rapid onset

54
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

adult onset, normal secretion, no insulin sensitivity - diet/exercise/PO drugs, slow onset, plasma glucose high after a meal

55
Q

what happens in starvation

A

fats metabolised, proteins catabolised to ensure that brain/heart maintain energy supply

56
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during short term emergencies

57
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

released from anterior lobe of pituitary in stracaruib abd decreases glucose uptake by muscle, metabolises glucose from liver and promotes lipolysis in adipocytes

58
Q

what secretes somatostatin

A

delta cells in pacreatic islets of langerhans

59
Q

what are producsed by virally infected host cell

A

IFNa/b

60
Q

what do most cancers switch on

A

MMPs

61
Q

what are MMPs

A

growth factors

62
Q

haematopoietic meaning

A

stem cells forming bloods cellular components eg white cells

principles key points (5 decks)

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