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principles key points > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what do mast cells release

A

histamine, prostaglandins and NO causing vasodilation

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2
Q

what releases histamine

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and platelets involving c3a and c5a

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3
Q

where does acute inflammation begin

A

arterioles and moves to capillary bed close to the site of injury

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4
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

decrease BP

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5
Q

what does serotonin do

A

increase permuability of capillaries, blow flow slows

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6
Q

what adheres to blood vessel walls in acute inflammation

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

what makes the walls sticky

A

proteins expressed on endothelium

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8
Q

what do endothelial cells do

A

contract to allow fluid into surrounding tissues

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9
Q

what do endothelial cells express

A

ICAM and VCAM

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10
Q

what increases expression of VCAM and ICAM

A

tumour necrosis factor and IL-1

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11
Q

what binds to glycoproteins on neutrophils

A

selectins

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12
Q

what binds to itegrins on leukocytes

A

ICAM abd VCAM

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13
Q

white cells slowly rollig along the vessels is known as

A

pavementing

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14
Q

what are chemokines

A

signalling proteins inducing chemotaxis and attracting other leucocytes

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15
Q

what do chemokines do

A

activate chemokine receptors making integrin bind tighter to ICAM

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16
Q

diapedesis / margination

A

leukocytes migrate accross the vessel wall by extending pseudopods through the gaps and pulling themselves in

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17
Q

chemotaxis

A

leukocyte following a chemical gradient guided by signalling molecules

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18
Q

what do nuetrophils do at the site of injury

A

carry out phagocytosis

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19
Q

phagocytosis

A

recognition and attachment, engulfment by pseudopods, phagolysosome, killing and degradtation by reactive oxidative species

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20
Q

phenylketonuria

A

guthrie test, phenylalaine accumulates, metabolic disorder, loss of enzyme, inherit

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21
Q

chronic inflammation

A

involves lymphocytes, macrophages (monocyte if within tissue) and plasma cells occurs if there is a persistant injury (foreign material), infectious agnet (virus / mycobacteriu), autoummine injury (transplant rejection, empyema or abscess

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22
Q

granulomas

A

aggregation of epithelioid histocytes (macrophages), associated with parasites, worms, malignancy, syphilis, mycobacterium

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23
Q

mechanism of apoptosis

A

p53 activates caspases in DNA damage at G1, S + G2/M, extrinsic (death receptor, mediated by TNF/Fas) and intrinsic pathway (mitochondria Bak, cytochrome C )

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24
Q

labile cell

A

multiply constantly - eg GI tract, bone marrow

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25
Q

stable cell

A

hepatocytes, endothelium

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26
Q

epithelial cancer

A

carcinoma

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27
Q

glandualar cancer

A

adenoma or adenocarcinoma

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28
Q

squamous cancer

A

papilloma or squamous cell carcinoma

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29
Q

bladder cancer

A

urothelial cell carcinoma, transitional

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30
Q

transport into cells

A

diffusion, via transport proteins, incorporation into vesicles

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31
Q

endocytosis

A

material from the ECF incorporated into the cell in endocytotis vesivle (endosomes), exocytopsis - reverse process

32
Q

4 tissue types

A

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle (skeletal - sarcolemma), nervous tissue

33
Q

epithelium covers

A

body surfaces, hollow organs and forms glands

34
Q

what is epithelium

A

non vascularised, polarised

35
Q

function of epithelium

A

mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, absorption, secretion, containment, locomotion

36
Q

shapes of epithelium

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar - all have a basal lamina

37
Q

layers of epithelium

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

38
Q

basal end of endocrine gland

A

ductless cells

39
Q

apical end of endocrine cells

A

ducted cells

40
Q

role of connective tissue

A

for development, growth and homeostasis, fat, energy storage eg adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts 3 types - 3rd = blood lymph

41
Q

soft connective tissue

A

tendons ligaments, mesentery, stoma of organs, dermis of skin

42
Q

hard connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

43
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic or fibrocartilage

44
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurones and there support cells

45
Q

meninges

A

CNS

46
Q

epineurium

A

PNS

47
Q

astrocytes

A

support/ion transport

48
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin

49
Q

schwann

A

PNS

50
Q

what does serosa or adeventitia do in connective tissue

A

suspends digestive tract or attaches or other organs

51
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

52
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

islets of langerhans that prodice hormones eg isnulin

53
Q

examples of digestive enzymes

A

proteases, nucleuases, lipases

54
Q

where does urine production begin

A

in the renal corpuscle /tubule units

55
Q

layers of blood vessel

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

56
Q

tunica intima

A

a single lyaer of squamous epithelila cels, suported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

57
Q

tunica media

A

perdominantly smooth muscle, thickness varies

58
Q

tunica adventitia

A

supporting connective tissue

59
Q

arteries

A

tunic intima, tunica media tunica adventitia - largest are elastic arteries

60
Q

arterioles

A

smooth muscle and tunica media

61
Q

capillaries

A

endothelial cells, basal lamina

62
Q

types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal, drain into post capillarie venules

63
Q

venules

A

smooth muscle in tunica media

64
Q

veins

A

tunica intima, thin tunica media (smooth muscle), thick tunica adventitia

65
Q

valves

A

extensions of the tunica intima in smaller veins

66
Q

leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinopgis, basphils, moocyes and lymphocytes

67
Q

multi lobed nucleus, produced in bone marrow and circulate in inactive state

A

neutophil

68
Q

large, bi lobed nucleus, granular, circulate before moving into tissue

A

eosinophils

69
Q

rarest granulocyte, bi lobed nucleus, conatin inflammatory mediators

A

basophils

70
Q

non lobulated nucleus, macrophage precursor, common in loose connective tissue and circulate in blood

A

monocytes

71
Q

round nucleus, produced in bone marrow

A

lymphocytes

72
Q

where do T cells differentiate

A

thymus

73
Q

endothelium

A

squamous epithelium of blood vessels

74
Q

serum

A

plasma - clotting factors

75
Q

plateltes

A

for haemostasis no nucleus, granules have clotting factorsm adhere to damaged sites, aggregate and degranulate, formed in bone marrow as extension of megakaryocyte

76
Q

haemopoiesis

A

blood development in bone marrow in vertebrae ribs skull pelvis proximal femurs

principles key points (5 decks)

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