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principles key points > biochemistry > Flashcards

biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

variolation

A

exposing individual to dried smallpox postures from an infected patient

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2
Q

lymphocytes

A

mature in bone marrow and circulate blood vessels waiting for antigen

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3
Q

what happens when lymphocytes encounter an antigen

A

proliferate and differentiate into effector cells

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4
Q

what do B cells do

A

produce and secrete antibodies against extracellular pathogen

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5
Q

B cells are part of what

A

humoral immune system

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6
Q

T cells do what

A

defend against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and myobacteria

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7
Q

large granular lymphocytes, release lytic rankles to kill virally infected cells, tumour cells, antibody bound cells and pathogens

A

NK cells

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8
Q

long lived epithelial tissue resident phagocytes, limit inflammation, involved in tissue repair and would healing, antigen presentation, clear debris

A

macrophages

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9
Q

activation of macrophages enhanced by what

A

pro inflammatory cytpkome IFNg

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10
Q

cytokine IFNg produces

A

ROS and NOS

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11
Q

polymorphonuclear cells, multi-lobed nucleus, circulate blood, short lived, rapidly recruited to inflammation/damage

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

what can neutrophils do

A

PAMP recognition and activation, can generate extracellular traps and release antimicrobial peptides and degradation proteases, produce TNF

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13
Q

immature in peripheral tissue, mature and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue for antoge presentation to T cells

A

dendritic cells

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14
Q

tissue resident, protect mucosal surfaces, defence against parasites, mediate allergic response, degranulate

A

mast cells

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15
Q

mast cells

A

pro inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

circulate in blood, recruited to site of infection by cytokines, release histamine, heparin and cytokines in acute inflammation, against parasitic worms mediate allergic response

A

basophils and eosinophils

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17
Q

antibody

A

y shaped globular protein, produced by antigen activated B cells, bind to specific antigen, defence against extracellular pathogens, viruses and toxins

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18
Q

cytokines

A

produced in infection, inflammation and tissue damage, modulate cell behaviour

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19
Q

interferon

A

anti viral activity

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20
Q

TNF alpha

A

pro inflammatory

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21
Q

chemokine

A

control and direct cell migration

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22
Q

interleukins

A

communication between cells

23
Q

acute phase proteins made

A

made by the liver in response to cytokines

24
Q

acute phase proteins do what

A

change protein concentrato in inflammation, prevent systemic inflammation and infection spread, wound healing, coagulation

25
Q

example of cute phase proteins

A

CRP, C3, C4

26
Q

humoral immunity

A

by soluble macromolecules, in extracellular secretions and fluids

27
Q

soluble macromolecules

A

lipids and proteins

28
Q

primary lymphoid tissue

A

leukocyte development in the bone marrow and thymus

29
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

adaptive response initiated, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

30
Q

viral immunity

A

antibodies, NK cells, cytokines, cytotoxic T cell

31
Q

helminth immunity

A

mast cells, antibodies, B cells

32
Q

intracellular immunity

A

antibodies, NK cells, CTLs

33
Q

extracellular immunity

A

neutrophils, macrophages, complement, antibodies, NK cells, CTLs

34
Q

lymph nodes

A

drain lymph (trap pathogens and antigens), positioned regularly along lymph vessels

35
Q

lymphedema

A

lymphatic obstruction, localised fluid retention, tissue swelling, infection risk

36
Q

innate immunity

A

acquired generic response to pathogens, acute inflammation

37
Q

components of innate response

A

phagocytes, mast, NK, complement - dendritic cells innate and adaptive

38
Q

direct contact

A

receptor and ligand

39
Q

CD40

A

constimulatory protein on antigen presenting cells for the cells activations

40
Q

indirect contact

A

via cytokines

41
Q

examples of cytokines

A

TNF alpha, IFN gamma, IL-2, IL-10,IL-1

42
Q

recognition

A

PAMPs on pathogen and PRR on antigen presenting cells

43
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendrites, macrophages

44
Q

activation/effector phase

A

acute inflammation and pathogen / infected cell phagocytosis

45
Q

examples of pathogen produced inflammatory mediators

A

il-10, ROS, histamine, prostaglandins, NO

46
Q

what do macrophages secrete after apoptosis

A

il-10

47
Q

increased vascular permuability macrophages release

A

TNFa, IL1, NOS

48
Q

mast cells release to increase blood flow

A

histamine, TNFa, leukotrienes and prostaglandins

49
Q

endothelial cell activation

A

by histamine, chemokine, IL-1 and TNFa to express adhesion molecules - selection receptor ICAM AND VCA

50
Q

circulating neutrophil bond to selectin

A

weak

51
Q

circulating neutrophil bond to ICAM and VCAM

A

strong

52
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

defensins

53
Q

defenisns produce

A

TNFa

54
Q

C3a and C5a

A

bind to mast cells/ basophils causing them to degranulate

principles key points (5 decks)

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