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CP > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Partial pressure of O2 in Arterial Blood

A

13.3 kPa

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2
Q

What is Partial Pressure of O2 in venous blood

A

5.3kPa

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3
Q

What region in the body has the lowest pO2?

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What type of Haemoglobin is very common in foetus’ but not adults?

A

Y haemoglobin

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5
Q

What is Thalassaemia?

A

An inherited defect in globin chain synthesis

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6
Q

What causes Sickle Cell disease

A

A mutation in B Globin causing Glutamine to become Valine

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7
Q

What does a rightwards Oxyhameoglobin curve shift cause?

A

Reduced affinity for O2

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8
Q

What does a leftwards Oxyhameoglobin curve shift cause?

A

Increase O2 affinity

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9
Q

How is methameoglobin produced?

A

O2 oxidising the Haem from Fe2+ to Fe3+

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10
Q

What is the problem with too much methaemoglobin?

A

It cannot bind to O2 so causes hypoxia

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11
Q

At what percentage of methameoglobin is methamoglobinaemia diagnosed?

A

Over 5%

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12
Q

What percent of alveolar gas is turned over in the lungs each breath?

A

About 15%

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13
Q

What is Vital Capacity

A

Total volume of gas inhaled or exhaled im 1 breath

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14
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

Total volume of gas left in lungs after maximal expiration

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15
Q

What part of the lungs have better Perfusion?

A

The base of the lungs

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16
Q

Why is there greater ventilation at the base of the lung?

A

Fluid in the pleural cavity increases intrapleural pressure at the base compacting alveoli, this means a greater volume increase from inspiration

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17
Q

What is a VQ mismatch?

A

When venous blood passes through poorly ventilated areas it will not fully oxygenate

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18
Q

What Ph should blood be at?

A

7.35-7.45

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19
Q

What is it called if Ph<7.35

A

Acidemia

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20
Q

What is it called if Ph>7.45

A

Alkalaemia

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21
Q

What happens if Ph is too high in the blood?

A

The increased H+ will denature enzymes

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22
Q

What will adding H+ to a buffer do to an equilibrium?

A

Shift equilibrium to the left

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23
Q

What is a carbamino compund?

A

When CO2 combines wih amino acids/proteins

24
Q

What is Respiratory Acidosis

A

Increased PaCO2

25
Q

What is Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Decreased PaCO2

26
Q

What is Metabolic Acidosis

A

Non-respiratory increase in Acid

27
Q

What is Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Non-respiratory decrease in Acid

28
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x Respiratory rate

29
Q

What is a dead space in ventilation?

A

Areas that are not involved in gas exchange

30
Q

How do you calculate Alveolar Ventilation?

A

(Tidal Volume - Dead Space) x Resp. Rate

31
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors in ventilation called?

A

Carotid bodies

32
Q

How is ventilation controlled centrally

A

Chemoreceptors on ventral surfaces of medulla

33
Q

What range should PaCO2 be?

A

4.5kPa - 6.0kPa

34
Q

What is a Pulmonary Stretch receptor

A

Smooth muscle in airway which is stimulated by lung inflation

35
Q

What nerve stimulates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

36
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

The sum of pressure acting on the outside of the alveolus and pressure generated by elastic recoil

37
Q

How is pleural pressure determined?

A

Passing a balloon into the oesophagus

38
Q

Why does resistance increase with effort?

A

Small airways are compressed by external pressure

39
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant

A

Lowers surface tension to make expansion easier

40
Q

What is a restrictive lung disease?

A

Decrease of lung compliance restricitng inflation, it increases expiratory drive

41
Q

What is an obstructive lung disease

A

Impaires airflow possibly due to airway narrowing

42
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles resulting in loss of alveolar walls and elastic recoil

43
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Chronic overproduction of mucus in the bronchial tree

44
Q

The heart can depolarise itself, what is the term used to describe this?

A

Automaticity

45
Q

What do nodal cells do?

A

Set rhythm/ pace of the heart

46
Q

What cells are used to produce force within the heart?

A

Contractile cells

47
Q

Where is the SA node found?

A

Superior part of the Right Atrium beneath the SVC

48
Q

What beat does the SA node usually set? What is it known as?

A

60-80 bpm, called sinus rhythm

49
Q

How does the SA node give Innervation to the AV node?

A

Intermodal pathways

50
Q

Why is there a delay in the AV node firing to the bundle of HIS

A

To give the atria a chance to contract before the ventricles do

51
Q

What does the Bundle of HIS split into?

A

Right and Left bundle branches

52
Q

What do the Right and Left bundle branches break into?

A

Purkinje fibres

53
Q

Give an example of a vasoconstrictor released by the endothelium

A

Endothelin

54
Q

Give 2 examples of a vasodilator produce by endothelium

A

Nitric oxide and Prostacyclin

55
Q

What happens when there is low O2 detected in vessels near the lung and why?

A

Vasoconstriction to improve VQ matching

56
Q

What is autoregulation

A

The ability of an organ to maintain constant blood flow despite alterations in perfusion pressure

CP (9 decks)

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