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CP > Anatomy (Respiratory) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Respiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

Name A

A

Jugular notch of sternum

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3
Q

Name Joint B

A

Manubriosternal joint

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4
Q

Label C

A

Costal notches

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5
Q

Label Joint D

A

Xiphosternal joint of sternum

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6
Q

Where is the sternal angle

A

At the manubriosternal Joint on the sternum

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7
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 are true ribs as their costal cartilages articulate directly with the sternum

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8
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10 are false ribs as their costal cartilages do not directly articulate with the sternum

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9
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11-12 are floating as they do not connect to the sternum in any way

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10
Q

What is the costal angle?

A

The bending of ribs 3-9 are callled the constal angle

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11
Q

What are sternocostal joints?

A

1st-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum (synovial plane joints)

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12
Q

What are the interchondral joints?

A

Between costal cartilages 6-7,7-8 and 8-9 (synovial plane)

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13
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

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14
Q

Where does the transversus thoracis attach?

A

The lower portion of the sternum to costal cartilages 2-6

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15
Q

Label A

A

Right common Carotid Artery

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16
Q

Label B

A

Vertebral Artery

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17
Q

Label C

A

Costocervical Trunk

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18
Q

Label D

A

Supreme intercostal Artery

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19
Q

Label E

A

Internal Thoracic Artery

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20
Q

Label F

A

11th Posterior intercostal Artery

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21
Q

What is the superior border of the mediastinum?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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22
Q

What is the inferior border of the mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

What makes up the Anterior border of mediastinum

A

Sternum and costal cartilages

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24
Q

What makes up the Posterior border of mediastinum

A

Bodies of thoracic vertebrae

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25
Q

Label A?

A

Right Brachiocephalic Vein

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26
Q

Label B?

A

Azygos Vein

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27
Q

Label C?

A

Internal Thoraicic Vein

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28
Q

Label D?

A

Accessory Hemi-Azygos Vein

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29
Q

Label E?

A

Musculophrenic Vein

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30
Q

Label F?

A

Hemi-Azygos Vein

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31
Q

Label A?

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

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32
Q

Label B?

A

Right Venous Angle

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33
Q

Label C?

A

Thoracic Duct

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34
Q

Label D?

A

Left Venous Angle

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35
Q

Label A?

A

Sternal and Clavicular heads of the Sternocleidomastoid

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36
Q

Label B?

A

External Intercostal muscles

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37
Q

Label C?

A

Interchondral part of internal intercostal muscle

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38
Q

Label D?

A

Posterior to Anterior heads of the Scalene

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39
Q

Label A?

A

Right and Left internal Thoracic arteries

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40
Q

Label B?

A

Pericardicophrenic Artery and Vein

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41
Q

Label C?

A

Superior Phrenic Artery

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42
Q

Label D?

A

Musculophrenic Arteries and Veins

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43
Q

Label A?

A

Cental Tendon

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44
Q

Label B?

A

Median Arcuate Ligament

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45
Q

Label C?

A

Aortic Hiatus Opening

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46
Q

Label D?

A

Median Arcuate Ligament

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47
Q

Label E?

A

Lateral Arcuate Ligament

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48
Q

Label F?

A

Esophageal Hiatus

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49
Q

Label G?

A

Caval Opening

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50
Q

What is the potential pleural space inferior to where diaphragmatic and costal pleura meet called?

A

Costodiphragmatic recess

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51
Q

What is the potential pleural space anterior to the costal and mediastinal pleura meet?

A

Constimediastinal recess

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52
Q

What is diaphragmatic pleura innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve centally and lower 6 intercostals peripherally

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53
Q

What is visceral pleural sensitive to?

A

Only sensitive to stretch

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54
Q

What is Parietal Pleura sensitive to?

A

Pain, Temperatire, Touch and Pressure

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55
Q

What is the Parietal Pleura supplied by?

A

Intercostal, Internal Thoracic and Musculophrenic Vessels

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56
Q

What is Visceral Pleura supplied by?

A

Bronchial Vessels

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57
Q

What is a Pleural Effusion?

A

An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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58
Q

What is a transudative pleural effusion and what’s the most common cause?

A

A pleural effusion due to fluid leaking into the pleural cavity, often due to heart failure

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59
Q

What is a exudative pleural effusion and what’s the most common cause?

A

Pleural effusion due to blockage of lymphatic draining system often due to tumours or inflammation

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60
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When air enters the pleural caivty, may result in atelectasis

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61
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Lung collapse

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62
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

When there is a mediastinal shift accompnaying a pneumothorax creating a one way valve where air enters the cavoty but cannot leave

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63
Q

What is Thoracocentisis?

A

Removal of fluid or air from pleural spaces

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64
Q

Function of nasal cavities?

A

Filtering, moistening and warming air

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65
Q

What is the functional significance of the shape of the conchae?

A

Large surface area to filter, moisten and warm air

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66
Q

What openings lead to the meatuses?

A

Paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal (tear) duct

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67
Q

What role does the nasolacrimal (tear) duct play in conditioning incoming air?

A

Moistens air

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68
Q
A

Internal Nares (choanae)

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69
Q
A

External Nares (Nostrils)

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70
Q
A

Pharynx

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71
Q
A

Nasal Cavity

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72
Q
A

Superior Concha

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73
Q
A

Middle concha

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74
Q
A

Inferior Concha

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75
Q

Label D

A

Superior Metaus

76
Q

Label E?

A

Middle Meatus

77
Q

Label F?

A

Inferior Meatus

78
Q

Label B?

A

Nasolacrimal (Tear) Duct

79
Q
A

Olfactory Region

80
Q

What are the paranasal air sinuses lined with?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

81
Q

A

A

Sphenoid Sinus

82
Q

B

A

Ethmoidal Sinus

83
Q

Label C?

A

Maxilllary Sinus

84
Q

Label D?

A

Frontal Sinus

85
Q

Name the three anatomical parts of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
86
Q

What is the main role of tonsils?

A

Trap pathogens to prevent lung/throat infections

They can produce an immune response

87
Q

What type of mucosa lines the nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

88
Q

What type of mucosa lines the osopharynx and laryngopharynx and why?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Since it’s part of digestive tract it acts as a protective function

89
Q

Label A

A

Nasopharynx

90
Q

Label B?

A

Oropharynx

91
Q

Label C?

A

Laryngopharanx

92
Q
A

Palatine Tonsils

93
Q

What are the main cartilages in the larynx?

A

The thyroid, the cricoid, the two arytenoids and the epiglottis

94
Q

Name the three portions of the larynx

A

Vestibule, ventricles. and infraglottic cavity

95
Q

What is the function of arytenoids?

A

The change the tension in the vocal ligaments

96
Q

What nerve innervates the the muscles that allow movements of the arytenoids ?

A

Vagus nerve

97
Q

What is the function of the vocal folds?

A

Breathing and speech

98
Q

How do the muscles in the larynx allow a person to breathe and speak?

A

They adduct the vocal folds for speech

They abduct the vocal folds to breathe

99
Q

Label A?

A

Hyoid Bone

100
Q

Label b?

A

Thyroid Cartilage

101
Q

Label C

A

Epiglottis

102
Q

Label E?

A

Cricoid Cartilage

103
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle during coughing?

A

Constricts the trachea so air is expelled with more force therefore coughing is more forceful

104
Q

What is the composition of the mucosa?

A

Respiratory epithelium supporting lamina propria

105
Q

What epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

106
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

107
Q

What is submucosa?

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the mucosa

108
Q

What is found within the submucosa?

A

Sero-mucous glands

109
Q
A

Carina

110
Q

What is the clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments

A

A surgeon may be able to remove a single diseased bronchopulmonary segment, without affecting the neighbouring segment
Facilitating postural drainage of fluid filled segments (infection or CF)

111
Q

What is the shape of the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Pyramidal shape with with their apices facing the lung root

112
Q

Why is the right lung shorter and wider than the left lung?

A

Shorter because the right dome of diaphragm is higher to accommodate the liver
Wider because it compensates for the heart which bulges out to the left

113
Q

What are the dark particles within lung tissue and lymph nodes?

A

Carbon ingested by macrophages

114
Q

Label D?

A

Cardiac notch

115
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?

A

Either the descending thoracic aorta or the posterior intercostal arteries

116
Q

What are the thin walls called that separate the alveolar air spaces ?

A

Alveolar septa

117
Q

Name a structure you would find in abundance in the alveolar septa?

A

Capillary

118
Q

Are there sero-mucous glands found in the bronchiole wall?

A

No

119
Q

Name all the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

120
Q

Name all the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

121
Q

What types of alveolar cells are there and what is their function?

A

Type I pneumocyte : Simple squamous for gas exchange

Type II pneumocyte : Secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension

122
Q

What are Clara cells and where are they found?

A

In bronchioles

Protect epithelium, secrete surfactant and involved in defence

123
Q

What are pulmonary lobules separated by?

A

Interlobular septum

124
Q

What is the respiratory unit or functional unit of the lung known as?

A

Pulmonary lobule

125
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Where a bronchioles terminate, groups of alveoli

126
Q

What does a pulmonary lobule consist of?

A

Many acini

127
Q

In a pulmonary lobule describe the distribution of arterioles ?

A

Arterioles follow the respiratory pathways and branch to form capillary network to supply the alveoli

128
Q

In a pulmonary lobule describe the distribution of venules?

A

Venules branch off the capillaries and are travel in the interlobular septum to supply the heart

129
Q

Name the three layers of the blood-air barrier

A
  1. Pneumocyte type 1 cell
  2. Basal lamina
  3. Endothelial cell
130
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Two phrenic nerves

131
Q

What spinal nerves do the phrenic nerves originate from?

A

From the ventral rami of the C3-C5 spinal nerves

132
Q

What is the pleura called that lines the thoracic wall and what is the pleura called that lines the lung?

A

Parietal pleura lines thoracic wall

Visceral pleura lines the lungs

133
Q

Explain why referred pain from parietal pleura covering the diaphragm is felt over the shoulder tip

A

The supraclavicular nerves have the same cervical nerves origin as the phrenic nerve (C3,C4)

134
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection of the lung parenchyma (tissue)

135
Q

What are the two types of bacterial pneumonia which are differentiated by distribution?

A

Lobular bronchopneumonia : patchy consolidation of the lung

Lobar pneumonia : consolidation of a large part of a lobe

136
Q

What is the difference between secondary cartilaginous joints (symphysis) and primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses”)?

A

Primary : connected by hyaline cartilage

Secondary : connected by hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilaginous disc

137
Q

Give some examples of secondary cartilaginous joints (symphysis) and primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses”)?

A

Primary : growth plates and joint between first rib and sternum
Secondary : Manubriosternal joint, pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

138
Q

In early life, the sternum’s body is divided into four segments, not three, what are these segments called?

A

Sternebrae

139
Q

How many ribs do you have

A

24 (12 pairs)

140
Q

What articulates with the two demifacets on the head of the rib?

A

Superior and inferior costal facet of vertebral column

141
Q

On the rib, what articulates with the articular surface of the tubercle?

A

Transverse costal facet of vertebral column

142
Q

What is the function of the costal groove?

A

It protects and accommodates the intercostal nerves and blood vessels

143
Q

What type of joints are the costotransverse and costovertebral joint?

A

Plane synovial

144
Q

How many true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs are there

A

7 pairs of true ribs
3 pairs of false ribs
2 pairs of floating ribs

145
Q

In a clinical setting what is the superior thoracic aperture sometimes referred to as?

A

Thoracic outlet

146
Q

What ribs make up the costal margin?

A

The false ribs and one true rib, from the 7th- 10th rib

147
Q

Where do the first two posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

A branch of the subclavian artery

148
Q

Where do the 3rd-11th posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

Branches of the descending thoracic aorta

149
Q

Describe the relationship between the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

A

Anastomose

150
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into

A

Musculophrenic and internal thoracic veins

151
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into

A

First vein drains into brachiocephalic vein

rest of veins drain into azygos system of veins

152
Q

What does the musculophrenic artery supply?

A

Lower intercostal muscles, diaphragm and some of the anterior abdominal wall

153
Q

What spinal nerves do the intercostal nerves arise from?

A

The ventral rami of the T2 to T11 spinal nerves

154
Q

What spinal nerve does the subcostal nerve arise from?

A

The ventral ramus of T12

155
Q

In each intercostal space, where does the intercostal nerve run in relation to the intercostal vein and artery?

A

Intercostal vein and artery lie superior to intercostal nerve

156
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

The region in the thorax between the two pleural cavities

157
Q

Shift of the mediastinum may produce sufficient deflection of the trachea, how does this occur?

A

The relative pressures in the two pleural cavities is unequal

158
Q

Shift of the mediastinum may produce sufficient deflection of the trachea, how can this be recognised?

A

Palpation above the jugular notch

159
Q

What is contained within the anterior mediastinum?

A

Remnants of thymus, a few lymph nodes and internal thoracic vessels

160
Q

What is contained within the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart, parts of great vessels and lung roots

161
Q

What is contained within the posterior mediastinum?

A

Descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos veins

162
Q

What is contained within the superior mediastinum?

A

Part of oesophagus, trachea, great vessels, nerves and remnants of thymus

163
Q

What nerves are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Phrenic and vagus nerves

164
Q

What is shown here?

A

Phrenic Nerve

165
Q

What is shown here?

A

Vagus Nerve

166
Q

Describe the route of the thoracic duct

A

Arises in the abdomen just below the diaphragm from the cisterna chyli
Enters the thorax through the aortic opening of diaphragm
Goes to roof of neck

167
Q

What veins does the azygos vein receive and what does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Azygos vein receives the posterior intercostal veins on the right and arches over the right lung root to empty into the superior vena cava

168
Q

What veins does the hemiazygos vein receive and what does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Hemiazygos vein receives the posterior intercostal veins on the left and then drains into the azygos vein at the midline

169
Q
A

Thoracic Duct

170
Q
A

Cisterna Chyli

171
Q
A

Azygos Vain

172
Q
A

Hemiazygos Vein

173
Q

What nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve

174
Q

What kind of nerve fibres does the vagus nerve bring to the thorax? What do they innervate in thorax and abdomen, generally speaking?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

Viscera

175
Q

In the thorax what plexuses come off the vagus nerve and what do they innervate?

A

Cardiac, pulmonary and oesophageal plexuses
Control of the heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi and oesophagus
In lungs : supply smooth muscles, glands and epithelium of bronchi and the wall of blood vessels

176
Q

What nerves carry the afferent nerve fibres of the lung

A

Carried in vagus nerve

177
Q

Describe parasympathetic innervation of the lung?

A

Constrict bronchioles and causes secretion of glands

178
Q

Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from bronchial arteries, where do these arise from?

A

Descending thoracic aorta and posterior intercostal arteries

179
Q

Describe route of left vagus nerve

A

Enters thorax between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

180
Q

Describe route of left recurrent nerve which is a branch off the vagus nerve

A

Loops under the aortic arch and up to the neck

181
Q

Describe route of right recurrent nerve which is a branch off the vagus nerve

A

Loops under right subclavian artery

182
Q

Why does compression of vagus nerve cause hoarse voice?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates vocal cords

183
Q

Label G?

A

Thoracic Duct

184
Q

Label Q?

A

Cisterna Chyli

185
Q

Label N?

A

Parasternal Nodes

186
Q

Label F?

A

Posterior Intercostal nodes

CP (9 decks)

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