physiology Flashcards
What is a bipotential tissue
Tissue that hasnt differentiate
What protein direct development as a male
SRY
With sry protein, gonadal medulla develops into…
Testis
In absence of SRY protein, gonadal cortex becoes…
Ovarian tissue
View sexual differentiation table
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2 type of cells in testis
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells
In women , Mullerian duct develops into … and wolffian duct …
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
…degenerate
What is the pathway for male genitalia development
Presence of SRY gene => produces the SRY proteins
production of proteins SRY => gonad medulla differentiate into testis
testis has leydig cells and Sertoli cells
Leydig cells secrete testosterone => causes development of wolffian duct into vas deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicles
DHT control development of external genitalia
Sertoli cells secrete antimullarian hormone which causes regression of mullerian duct
Pathway for female genitalia development
No SRY gene so no proteins
Gonadal cortex diff differentiate into ovarian tissue
Gonadal medulla degenerate
Mullerian duct become vagina uterus fallopian tubes
wolffian duct degenerates
What are the sex steroid hormones Produced by the ovary
Estrogen
progesterone
What are the sex steroids produced by the testis
dihydrotestosterone
Testosterone
Do adrenal glands produce small amounts of sex steroids
Yes they do
What is the precursor of all sex steroids
Cholesterol
What’s enzyme convert testosterone to estradiol
Aromatase
What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
5 reductase
In reproduction what hormone is produced by the hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
In reproduction what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone LH
follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
Pathway of hormonal control of reproduction
Stimuli comes to central nervous system
hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone causes release of Luiteinizing Hormone and follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
Luiteinizing Hormone causes release of steroids and peptides from endocrine cells in the gonads
follicle-stimulating hormone Induce gamete production from the gonads
What is the effect if you have low androgen or estrogen
Absence or negative feedback with increased gonadotrophin level
Moderates estrogen or androgen effects
negative feedback with decreased gonadotropin level
High androgen level effect feedback
Negative feedback with decreased gonadotropin level
Sustain high estrogen affect on feedback
Positive feedback with increased Gonadotropin level
What are the external genitalia of males
Scrotum
penis
What is the common passageway in male genitalia
Urethra
What are the accessory glands and ducts of the male reproductive system
Prostate gland
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland
What organ produces sperm
Testes through seminiferous tubules
Where do sperm mature in the testis
Epididymis
What is the passage way of sperm from the testes to the abdomen to get into the urethra
Vas deferens
What is the function of the Sertoli cells
Support and surrounds developing sperm
How do you LH & SSH act on leydig and Sertoli cells
LH act on Leydig cells to produce testosterone
FSH act on Sertoli cells to produce cell products like paracrine signals needed for sperm development , androgen binding protein and inhibin
Accessory glands - Seminal vesicles ,prostate gland , Bulbourethral gland
What are all the function of the seminal vesicles
Sperm volume
fructose
vitamin C
prostaglandins
What are all the function of the prostate gland
Sperm volume
buffers
citric acid
enzymes
What are the function of the bulbourethral gland
Mucus
buffers
sperm volume
What is the composition of semen
Sperm mucus water Buffers nutrients( fructose citric acid vitamin C carnitine ) enzymes zinc prostaglandins
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of male
General body shape muscle development body hair deep voice beard male sexual behavior like libido
What are the general function of estrogen and progesterone
Prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy
What are the J external genitalia of female
Labia majora labia minora clitoris vagina with hymen urethral opening in labia minora
What are the internal organs of the female reproductive system
Vagina
uterus- cervix ,endometrium ,myometrium
fallopian tube with fimbriae
ovary
What are the follicle in the ovary
The structure where oocytes develop
What are the function of the theca cells and the Granulosa cells
Theca cells Produce androgens which the Granulosa cells turn into estrogens
Theca cell also produce progesterone
What is the function of the corpus luteum in the ovary
Responsible for production of hormone progesterone to maintain reproduction
What are the phases of ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase
What is the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle
Proliferation of granulosa cells
development of the antrum
maturation of the oocytes
What is the ovulation phase in the ovarian cycle
The follicle burst
oocyte is released
What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
How are the level of LH and FSH during follicular phase
low
How are the levels of estrogen inhibin and progesterone during the follicular phase
Low
How are the level of LHNFSH during ovulation
High
How are the levels of estrogen Inhibin and progesterone during ovulation
Estrogen peaks
inhibij increases a little
progesterone still low
How is the
Luteal phase level of LH and FSH
Very low
Level of prgesterone, estrogen and inhibin during luteal phase
High progesterone
high inhibin
Decreasing estrogen but still moderate amount
Why do women have menses
Pregnancy not achieved , endometrium is shed
What are the 3 phases in the uterine cycle
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menses
What is the proliferative phase
Endometrium grows in preparation for pregnancy
Secretory phase
Endometrial secretion promote implantation
Estrogen, inhibin and progesterone level in menses phases
Low for everything
inhibin, estrogen and progesterone level during proliferative phase
Inhibin a little high
estrogen very high
Prgesterone low
Inhibin, progesterone and estrogen levels in secretory phase
Prgesterone very high
Inhibin very high
estrpgen a little high
What are the extra ovarian hormones
GnRH
FSH
LH
Ovarian hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Hormone that stimulates Follicular development
FSH
What is the effects of progesterone On the endometrium
Dimitri I’m develops further with cervical mucus which thickens
If there is implantation what hormone maintains the corpus luteum
hcG
What is the function of corpus luteum during implantation
Produce progesterone and estrogen
What are the female characteristics control by estrogen
Breast development
distribution of body fat
What characteristics are controlled by the adrenal androgens
Sex drive
growth of pubic an axillary hair
Phases of coitus
Excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
What is the erection. Reflex
Erection erection is a vascular events due to central nervous system and spinal integration
what is emission after erection
The sperm enter the urethra
What is ejaculation
The sperm exit the urethra
Explain the pathway of erection and ejaculation in males
Stimuli like touch or thoughts
Higher brain center sends parasympathetic stimulation to the penis through descending automomic pathway
Sympathetic is inhibited
Materials are vasodilated
Influx of blood create erection
Tactile stimuli received by mechanoreceptors send information from sensory neuron to high center so that they can also get these messages
What are some form of contraceptive
Abstinence which can be total or just during periods of female fertility
Barriers
surgery
blocking implantation
hormone treatments to reduce gamete production
Which type of contraceptive method is the weakest other than no contraception
Spermicides
Where are the sperm capacitation occur in the female
In the vagina
Where does the sperm reach oocyte
In the ampulla of the fallopian tube
How do you sperm penetrates the cells and the zona pellucida of the egg
Capacitated sperm readings and signs from there acrosomes in order to penetrates the egg
At what time does the blastocyst arrives in the uterus
At about day 4 or 5
What is implantation
When the blastocysts invades the endometrium
What is the chorion
Tissue layer that encloses the developing embryo
What is the amnion
Tissue layer that secretes amniotic fluids suspending the embryo
What is the function of the chorionic villi
Contain embryonic blood vessels
What is the pathway of blood vessels from the mother to the embryo
Mother brings oxygenated blood
Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the embryo
umbilical arteries return non Oxygenated blood bring blood to placenta
What is the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
hormone responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum which is also the basis of pregnancy test
What is the human placental lactogen
Hormone responsible for breast development and metabolic affects of pregnancy
What is the role of estrogen and purple progesterone during pregnancy
They maintain pregnancy and the normal development
What happens prior to labor
Softening of the cervix
What happens during the labor
There’s rhythmic uterine contractions
There’s positive feedback of oxytocin released
cervical dilation
How is labor onset
CRH
Stretch of cervix
What is the role of oxytocin in labor
Stimulates prostaglandin release and positive feedback creates more contractions which release more oxytocin
How does estrogen play into puberty
Stimulates growth of ducts and fatty position
What hormone stimulates further glands development in pregnancy
Estrogen
growth hormone
cortisol
Elite pregnancy what hormone stimulates conversion of duct to secretory epithelium
Progesterone
Before birth how is milk secretion controlled
Prolactin inhibiting hormone blocks prolactin secretion
High sex steroids levels suppress milk production
How is milk secretion controlled afterbirth
High prolactin low estrogen causes lactation
What makes up breastmilk
Nutrients
immunity factors
How old is sickening control milk secretion
Inhibits products in inhibiting hormone which I love milk production and oxytocin stimulates the let down reflex
Why does menopause occur
Ovary cease to respond to LH and FSH and there’s also low levels of estrogen and progesterone
no egg developments
What are the symptoms of menopause
Hot flashes
increased osteoporosis risk
