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Reproductive > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bipotential tissue

A

Tissue that hasnt differentiate

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2
Q

What protein direct development as a male

A

SRY

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3
Q

With sry protein, gonadal medulla develops into…

A

Testis

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4
Q

In absence of SRY protein, gonadal cortex becoes…

A

Ovarian tissue

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5
Q

View sexual differentiation table

A

View

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6
Q

2 type of cells in testis

A

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

In women , Mullerian duct develops into … and wolffian duct …

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes

…degenerate

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8
Q

What is the pathway for male genitalia development

A

Presence of SRY gene => produces the SRY proteins
production of proteins SRY => gonad medulla differentiate into testis
testis has leydig cells and Sertoli cells
Leydig cells secrete testosterone => causes development of wolffian duct into vas deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicles
DHT control development of external genitalia
Sertoli cells secrete antimullarian hormone which causes regression of mullerian duct

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9
Q

Pathway for female genitalia development

A

No SRY gene so no proteins
Gonadal cortex diff differentiate into ovarian tissue
Gonadal medulla degenerate
Mullerian duct become vagina uterus fallopian tubes
wolffian duct degenerates

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10
Q

What are the sex steroid hormones Produced by the ovary

A

Estrogen

progesterone

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11
Q

What are the sex steroids produced by the testis

A

dihydrotestosterone

Testosterone

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12
Q

Do adrenal glands produce small amounts of sex steroids

A

Yes they do

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13
Q

What is the precursor of all sex steroids

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

What’s enzyme convert testosterone to estradiol

A

Aromatase

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15
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5 reductase

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16
Q

In reproduction what hormone is produced by the hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH

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17
Q

In reproduction what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary

A

luteinizing hormone LH

follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

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18
Q

Pathway of hormonal control of reproduction

A

Stimuli comes to central nervous system
hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone causes release of Luiteinizing Hormone and follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
Luiteinizing Hormone causes release of steroids and peptides from endocrine cells in the gonads
follicle-stimulating hormone Induce gamete production from the gonads

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19
Q

What is the effect if you have low androgen or estrogen

A

Absence or negative feedback with increased gonadotrophin level

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20
Q

Moderates estrogen or androgen effects

A

negative feedback with decreased gonadotropin level

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21
Q

High androgen level effect feedback

A

Negative feedback with decreased gonadotropin level

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22
Q

Sustain high estrogen affect on feedback

A

Positive feedback with increased Gonadotropin level

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23
Q

What are the external genitalia of males

A

Scrotum

penis

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24
Q

What is the common passageway in male genitalia

A

Urethra

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25
Q

What are the accessory glands and ducts of the male reproductive system

A

Prostate gland
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland

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26
Q

What organ produces sperm

A

Testes through seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

Where do sperm mature in the testis

A

Epididymis

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28
Q

What is the passage way of sperm from the testes to the abdomen to get into the urethra

A

Vas deferens

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29
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells

A

Support and surrounds developing sperm

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30
Q

How do you LH & SSH act on leydig and Sertoli cells

A

LH act on Leydig cells to produce testosterone
FSH act on Sertoli cells to produce cell products like paracrine signals needed for sperm development , androgen binding protein and inhibin

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31
Q
A

Accessory glands - Seminal vesicles ,prostate gland , Bulbourethral gland

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32
Q

What are all the function of the seminal vesicles

A

Sperm volume
fructose
vitamin C
prostaglandins

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33
Q

What are all the function of the prostate gland

A

Sperm volume
buffers
citric acid
enzymes

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34
Q

What are the function of the bulbourethral gland

A

Mucus
buffers
sperm volume

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35
Q

What is the composition of semen

A 
Sperm 
 mucus
 water 
Buffers
 nutrients( fructose citric acid vitamin C carnitine ) 
enzymes 
zinc 
prostaglandins
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36
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics of male

A 
General body shape 
muscle development 
body hair 
deep voice
 beard 
male sexual behavior like libido
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37
Q

What are the general function of estrogen and progesterone

A

Prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy

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38
Q

What are the J external genitalia of female

A 
Labia majora
 labia minora 
 clitoris 
vagina with hymen 
urethral opening in labia minora
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39
Q

What are the internal organs of the female reproductive system

A

Vagina
uterus- cervix ,endometrium ,myometrium
fallopian tube with fimbriae
ovary

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40
Q

What are the follicle in the ovary

A

The structure where oocytes develop

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41
Q

What are the function of the theca cells and the Granulosa cells

A

Theca cells Produce androgens which the Granulosa cells turn into estrogens
Theca cell also produce progesterone

42
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum in the ovary

A

Responsible for production of hormone progesterone to maintain reproduction

43
Q

What are the phases of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

44
Q

What is the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle

A

Proliferation of granulosa cells
development of the antrum
maturation of the oocytes

45
Q

What is the ovulation phase in the ovarian cycle

A

The follicle burst

oocyte is released

46
Q

What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum

47
Q

How are the level of LH and FSH during follicular phase

A

low

48
Q

How are the levels of estrogen inhibin and progesterone during the follicular phase

A

Low

49
Q

How are the level of LHNFSH during ovulation

A

High

50
Q

How are the levels of estrogen Inhibin and progesterone during ovulation

A

Estrogen peaks
inhibij increases a little
progesterone still low

51
Q

How is the

A
52
Q

Luteal phase level of LH and FSH

A

Very low

53
Q

Level of prgesterone, estrogen and inhibin during luteal phase

A

High progesterone
high inhibin
Decreasing estrogen but still moderate amount

54
Q

Why do women have menses

A

Pregnancy not achieved , endometrium is shed

55
Q

What are the 3 phases in the uterine cycle

A

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menses

56
Q

What is the proliferative phase

A

Endometrium grows in preparation for pregnancy

57
Q

Secretory phase

A

Endometrial secretion promote implantation

58
Q

Estrogen, inhibin and progesterone level in menses phases

A

Low for everything

59
Q

inhibin, estrogen and progesterone level during proliferative phase

A

Inhibin a little high
estrogen very high
Prgesterone low

60
Q

Inhibin, progesterone and estrogen levels in secretory phase

A

Prgesterone very high
Inhibin very high
estrpgen a little high

61
Q

What are the extra ovarian hormones

A

GnRH
FSH
LH

62
Q

Ovarian hormones

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

63
Q

Hormone that stimulates Follicular development

A

FSH

64
Q

What is the effects of progesterone On the endometrium

A

Dimitri I’m develops further with cervical mucus which thickens

65
Q

If there is implantation what hormone maintains the corpus luteum

A

hcG

66
Q

What is the function of corpus luteum during implantation

A

Produce progesterone and estrogen

67
Q

What are the female characteristics control by estrogen

A

Breast development

distribution of body fat

68
Q

What characteristics are controlled by the adrenal androgens

A

Sex drive

growth of pubic an axillary hair

69
Q

Phases of coitus

A

Excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

70
Q

What is the erection. Reflex

A

Erection erection is a vascular events due to central nervous system and spinal integration

71
Q

what is emission after erection

A

The sperm enter the urethra

72
Q

What is ejaculation

A

The sperm exit the urethra

73
Q

Explain the pathway of erection and ejaculation in males

A

Stimuli like touch or thoughts
Higher brain center sends parasympathetic stimulation to the penis through descending automomic pathway
Sympathetic is inhibited
Materials are vasodilated
Influx of blood create erection
Tactile stimuli received by mechanoreceptors send information from sensory neuron to high center so that they can also get these messages

74
Q

What are some form of contraceptive

A

Abstinence which can be total or just during periods of female fertility

Barriers
surgery
blocking implantation
hormone treatments to reduce gamete production

75
Q

Which type of contraceptive method is the weakest other than no contraception

A

Spermicides

76
Q

Where are the sperm capacitation occur in the female

A

In the vagina

77
Q

Where does the sperm reach oocyte

A

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube

78
Q

How do you sperm penetrates the cells and the zona pellucida of the egg

A

Capacitated sperm readings and signs from there acrosomes in order to penetrates the egg

79
Q

At what time does the blastocyst arrives in the uterus

A

At about day 4 or 5

80
Q

What is implantation

A

When the blastocysts invades the endometrium

81
Q

What is the chorion

A

Tissue layer that encloses the developing embryo

82
Q

What is the amnion

A

Tissue layer that secretes amniotic fluids suspending the embryo

83
Q

What is the function of the chorionic villi

A

Contain embryonic blood vessels

84
Q

What is the pathway of blood vessels from the mother to the embryo

A

Mother brings oxygenated blood
Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the embryo
umbilical arteries return non Oxygenated blood bring blood to placenta

85
Q

What is the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

A

hormone responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum which is also the basis of pregnancy test

86
Q

What is the human placental lactogen

A

Hormone responsible for breast development and metabolic affects of pregnancy

87
Q

What is the role of estrogen and purple progesterone during pregnancy

A

They maintain pregnancy and the normal development

88
Q

What happens prior to labor

A

Softening of the cervix

89
Q

What happens during the labor

A

There’s rhythmic uterine contractions
There’s positive feedback of oxytocin released
cervical dilation

90
Q

How is labor onset

A

CRH

Stretch of cervix

91
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in labor

A

Stimulates prostaglandin release and positive feedback creates more contractions which release more oxytocin

92
Q

How does estrogen play into puberty

A

Stimulates growth of ducts and fatty position

93
Q

What hormone stimulates further glands development in pregnancy

A

Estrogen
growth hormone
cortisol

94
Q

Elite pregnancy what hormone stimulates conversion of duct to secretory epithelium

A

Progesterone

95
Q

Before birth how is milk secretion controlled

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone blocks prolactin secretion

High sex steroids levels suppress milk production

96
Q

How is milk secretion controlled afterbirth

A

High prolactin low estrogen causes lactation

97
Q

What makes up breastmilk

A

Nutrients

immunity factors

98
Q

How old is sickening control milk secretion

A

Inhibits products in inhibiting hormone which I love milk production and oxytocin stimulates the let down reflex

99
Q

Why does menopause occur

A

Ovary cease to respond to LH and FSH and there’s also low levels of estrogen and progesterone
no egg developments

100
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause

A

Hot flashes

increased osteoporosis risk

Reproductive (14 decks)

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