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msk > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • posture
  • movement
  • respiratory movement
  • heat production
  • whole body metabolism
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2
Q

is smooth muscle striated

A

no

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3
Q

is skeletal muscle neurogenic or myogenic

A

neurogenic

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4
Q

is there a neuromuscular junction in skeletal or cardiac muscle

A

skeletal

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5
Q

what is the transmitter at a neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

what is a motor unit

A

it encompasses all the muscle fibres innervated by a single alpha motor neuron

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7
Q

what is the sarcomere

A

the functional unit of skeletal muscle

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8
Q

what are the four zones in sarcomere

A

A band
H zone
M line
I band

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9
Q

is actin thin or thick

A

thin

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10
Q

is myocin thin or thick

A

thick

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11
Q

in sliding filament theory, what is force generation dependant on

A

ATP-dependant interaction between myosin and actin

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12
Q

what is excitation contraction coupling

A

the process whereby the surface action potential results in activation of the contractile structures of the muscle fibre

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13
Q

why is there no cross bridge binding when the muscle fibre is relaxed

A

because the cross-bridge binding on the actin is physically covered by the troponin-tropomyosin complex

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14
Q

what happens when muscle fibre is excited

A

calcium binds with troponin pulling troponin-tropomyosin complex aside to expose cross bridge binding site - cross bridge binding occurs

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15
Q

where is Ca++ derived from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what is ATP needed for during relaxation

A

to release cross bridges and to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

is a single twitch useful

A

no need a double twitch

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18
Q

when is maximal tetanic contraction achieved

A

when the muscle is at its optimal length before the onset of contraction

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19
Q

isotonic muscle contraction

A

muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

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20
Q

isometric muscle contraction

A

muscle tension develops at constant muscle length

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21
Q

what are some metabolic pathways that supply ATP in muscle fibre

A
  • transfer of high energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • glycolysis
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22
Q

what are slow oxidative type 1 fibres used for

A

prolonged relatively low work aerobic activities

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23
Q

three types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

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24
Q

fibrous joint

A
  • bones united by fibrous tissue

- doesnt allow any movement

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25
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

allow limited movement

-intervertebral discs

26
Q

synovial joints

A
  • separated by a cavity and united by a fibrous capsule

- knee

27
Q

what are simple and compound synovial joints

A

simple - one pair of articular surfaces

compound - more than one pair of articular surface

28
Q

what is joint lubrication provided by

A
  • cartilage interstitial fluid
  • synovium
  • synovium-derived lubrcin
29
Q

functions of synovial fluid

A
  • lubricates joint
  • facilitates joint movements
  • helps minimise wear and tear of joints
  • aids in nutrition of articular cartilage
  • supplies chondrocytes with O2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste products
30
Q

does synovial fluid have high or low viscosity

A

high

31
Q

what is rapid joint movement associated with in terms of viscosity and elasticity

A

decreased viscosity and increased elasticity

32
Q

viscosity of inflammatory synovial fluid, high or low

A

low

33
Q

functions of articular cartilage

A
  • low friction lubrication

- distributes contact pressure to subchodral bone

34
Q

4 zones of cartilage

A
  • superficial zone
  • middle zone
  • deep zone
  • calcified bone
35
Q

what are the mechanical properties of the cartilage

A

water
collagen
proteoglycan

36
Q

what is the extracellular matrix of the articular cartilage synthesised, organised, degraded and maintained by

A

chondrocytes

37
Q

what can happen if the rate of ECM degradation exceeds the rate of its synthesis

A

joint disease

38
Q

what are the catabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover and what do they do

A

tumour necrosis factor (TNFalpha)
IL-1

they stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

39
Q

what are the anabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover and what do they do

A

Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteract effects of IL-1
Tumour growth factor (TGF)-β
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1

40
Q

definition of pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, associated with actual tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

41
Q

what are the four processes in the physiology of pain

A
  • transduction
  • transmission
  • modulation
  • perception
42
Q

what is tranduction

A

translation of noxious stimulus into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptor

43
Q

what is transmission

A

propagation of pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

44
Q

what is modulation

A

modification/hindering of pain transmission in the nervous system e.g. by inhibitory neurotransmitters like endogenous opioids

45
Q

what is perception

A

Conscious experience of pain. Causes physiological and behavioural responses

46
Q

what does pain begin with

A

the activation of nociceptors

47
Q

what are nociceptors

A

they are specific primary sensory afferent neurones normally activated by intense noxious stimuli Nociceptors are first order neurones that relay information to second order neurones in the CNS by chemical synaptic transmission

48
Q

what do the second order neurons do

A

ascent the spinal cord in the anterolateral system (terminate in the thalamus)

49
Q

what does the anterolateral system compose of

A
  • the spinothalamic tract

- the spinoreticular tract

50
Q

what is the STT involved in

A

pain perception

51
Q

what is the SRT involved in

A

autonomic responses to pain, arousal, emotional responses, fear of pain

52
Q

where is the sensory information relayed to from the thalamus

A

via third order neurons to the primary sensory cortex

53
Q

what are the different types of fibres in nociceptors

A

Adelta fibres

C fibres

54
Q

what are A delta fibres

A

are mechanical/thermal nociceptors that are thinly myelinated (conduction velocity of 6.0-30.0 ms-1 ) - respond to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. Mediate ‘first’, or fast, pain

55
Q

what are C fibres

A

are nociceptors that are unmyelinated (conduction velocity of 0.5-2.0 ms-1) – collectively they respond to all noxious stimuli (e.g. they are polymodal). Mediate ‘second’, or slow, pain

56
Q

what are the 4 ways to classify pain

A
  • mechanisms
  • time course
  • severity
  • source of origin
57
Q

what is nociceptive pain usually in response to

A

injury of stimulus by noxious stimuli

only provoked by intense stimulation of nociceptors

58
Q

what is neuropathic pain caused by

A

damage to neural tissue

59
Q

examples of dysfunctional pain

A

IBS, tension headache, interstitial cystitis

60
Q

what is referred pain caused by

A

caused by convergence of nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurons at the same spinal level

msk (45 decks)

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