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Cardiovascular Module > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system major elements

A

The heart
the blood vessels
the blood

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2
Q

How many chambers in the heart

A 
4 chambers
 right atrium 
right ventricle
 left atrium 
Left ventricle
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3
Q

Pathway of blood in the cardiovascular system

A 
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium 
tricuspid valve 
right ventricle 
semi lunar pulmonary valve 
Pulmonary arteries 
Lungs 
pulmonary veins
 left atrium 
mitral valve 
left ventricle 
aortic semilunar valve 
Aorta
Body and organs
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4
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Bloods pathway between right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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5
Q

Systemic circuit

A

That way between the left and the right side of the heart

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6
Q

Type of blood vessels

A

Arteries

arterioles

capillaries

veins

venules

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7
Q

Arteries

A

A lot of collastin
Help fluids to move down the gradients
lots of elastic tissue
maintain pressure

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

Majority of Smooth muscle To allow dilation and constriction
Arterioles
A lot of nerves which help vary flow of blood to tissues

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

Fenestration
One cell layer thick of endothelium
Allow exchange with environment

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10
Q

Vein /venules

A

A lot of collagen and smooth muscle
Very distensible to carry a lot of blood
One way flow
Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma
red blood cell
white blood cells
Thrombocytes

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12
Q

Plasma blood

A 
Liquid portion of the blood
Contains :
clotting factors 
hormones 
antibodies 
dissolved gases
 nutrients 
waste
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13
Q

Erythrocytes red blood cells

A

Carrie hemoglobin and oxygen
no nucleus
live for 90 to 120 days
Cannot repair themselves

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14
Q

Leukocytes white blood cells

A 
Fight infection 
forms in the bone marrow 
five types : 
neutrophils 
lymphocytes 
Eosinophils 
basophils 
monocytes
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15
Q

Thrombocytes platelets

A

Self recommends forms in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes

Klutz blood by sticking together via fibrin

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16
Q

Anemia

A

Lack of iron in the blood

low red blood cell counts

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17
Q

Leukemia

A

White blood cell wild proliferation causing anemia

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18
Q

Hemophilia

A

Lack of fibrinogen in Thrombocytes leading to heavy bleeding

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19
Q

Heart murmur

A

Abnormal heart beat caused by valve issues

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20
Q

Heart attack/ myocardial infarction

A

Blood vessels around heart become blocked with plaque

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21
Q

Heart Blood supply

A 
Right coronary artery 
 anterior interventricular coronary artery 
great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Posterior interventricular artery
Small cardiac vein 
Right marginal artery
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22
Q

Heart functions

A

Generates blood pressure
routing blood
ensuring oneway bloodflow with presence of valves
regulates blood supply

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23
Q

Pericardium

A

Composed of fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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24
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

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25
Three layers of tissue of heart
Epicardium => serous membrane, smooth, outermost myocardium => middle layer , cardiac muscle cells, make heart contract endocardium => smooth inner surface of heart chamber
26
Role of desmosomes in cardiac muscles
Hold cells together
27
Role of gap junctions in cardiac muscles
Allow action potential’s
28
Conducting system of the heart components
``` Sino atrial node atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibers ```
29
2 systems of the heart
Conducting | Contractile
30
Conducting system function
Induce impulse to conduct information. | Has excitable cells ( cells with variable resting membrane potential )
31
Contractile system
Impulse transmitted through movement of ions across leaky channels or gated channels
32
Action potential in SA nodes phases
Prepotential Depolarization Repolarization phase
33
Two types of refractory period
Absolute Relative
34
Absolute refractory period
Cardiac muscle completely insensitive to further stimulation
35
Relative refractory period
Reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation
36
Component of ECG
P wave QRS complex T wave
37
P wave of ECG
Atrial depolarization
38
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization | Atrial depolarization
39
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
40
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate above 100bpm
41
Bradycardia
Heart rate less than 60bpm
42
Sinus arrythmias
Irregular heartbeat
43
Premature atrial contraction
Shortened interval between one contraction and next one
44
ECG change in complete heart block
Small uncoordinated p and QRS wave
45
ECG change in premature ventricular contraction
No p waves before QRS
46
Bundle branch block ECG changes
Prolonged QRS complex
47
Atrial fibrillation ECG changes
No clear p waves | Rapid QRS
48
Ventricular fibrillation ECG changes
Ahh no p wave, QRS or T wave
49
Cardiac cycle
ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION Systole -> both semilunar and AV valves closed EJECTION sysTole -> semilunar valve open and av valve closed ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION diastole -> both types of valve closed —> atrium Filling VENTRICULAR FILLING diastole —> passive ventricular filling followed by active ventricular filling —> semi lunar valves closed and AV valve opened
50
mean arterial blood pressure equation
MAP= COxPR
51
Cardiac output equations
CO = HRx PR
52
Peripheral resistance
Total resistance against which blood must be pumped
53
Intrinsic regulation of the heart
Normal functional characteristics | Starlings law of the heart
54
Extrinsic regulation
Involves neural and hormonal control Parasympathetic stimulation ( vagus nerve , decreased HR, Acetylcholine) Sympathetic stimulation ( cardiac nerves, increase HR and contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine)
55
Baroreceptor reflex
Blood pressure increases -> detected by baroreceptor in internal carotid arteries and aorta -> cardio regulatory center increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic -> decreased heart rate and stroke volume -> BP decreased mes Blood pressure decreases too low -> detected by baroreceptor in internal carotid artery and aorta -> decreased parasympathetic , increased sympathetic -> increased HR and SV -> BP increases because of high CO and He
56
Chemoreceptor reflex pH
Blood pH high ( low CO2) -> detected by chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata-> cardio regulatory center increases parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic -> decreases HR and SV -> decreased blood flow to the lungs-> decreased blood pH (increased CO2) -> Blood pH low (high CO2) -> detected by chemoreceptors -> cardio regulatory center decreases sympathetic and parasympathetic-> increased HR and SV -> CO increased -> decreased CO2 -> increased blood pH
57
Changes of the heart due to aging
Hypertrophy of left ventricle Max heart rate decreases More andnormality of valves
58
3 layers of blood vessels
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica external
59
Bulk flow
Large number of ions molecules or particles move together in sand direction
60
Systolic BP
Highest pressure during systole
61
Diastolic BP
Lowest arterial pressure in diastole
62
Vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow
63
Factors affecting vascular resistance
Size of lumen -> vasoconstriction lead to higher resistance Blood viscosity -> higher viscosity means higher resistance Blood vessel length -> proportion to resistance
64
Venous return
Volume of blood flowing back to heart
65
Skeletal muscle pump
Blood goes in one direction due to valves
66
Respiratory pump
Due to pressure changes in thoracic and abdominal cavities
67
Factors that can increase venous return
Increase blood volume Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump Venoconstriction
68
Factors that increase SV
Increased venous return Increased sympathetic Hormones from adrenal medulla
69
Factors that can Increased heart rate
Decreased parasympathetic Increased sympathetic impulses Hormones form adrenal medulla
70
Propioreceptors
Monitor joint movement | Provide input during physical activity
71
Carotid sinus reflex regulate
Blood pressure in Brain
72
Aortic reflex regulates
Systemic blood pressure
73
Salt sensitivity percentage in essential hypertension
60%
74
Percentage of essential up retention with high renin
15%
75
How can cell membrane defect cause high blood pressure
Because accumulation of calcium in the cells | Transport of sodium impaired
76
Syndrome X
Central obesity dyslipidemia rise in blood pressure
77
Is insulin resistance part of syndrome X
Yes
78
Consequence of insulin resistance
``` Rise in renal sodium Rise in sympathetic activity rise in arterial pressure vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy rise in calcium due to modification of membrane transport ```
79
Percentage of genetic heritability of hypertension
30%
80
Factors that play into essential hypertension
``` Age race sex smoking excessive alcohol intake serum cholesterol glucose intolerance inappropriate weight gain ```

Cardiovascular Module (21 decks)

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