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Cardiovascular Module > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system major elements

A

The heart
the blood vessels
the blood

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2
Q

How many chambers in the heart

A 
4 chambers
 right atrium 
right ventricle
 left atrium 
Left ventricle
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3
Q

Pathway of blood in the cardiovascular system

A 
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium 
tricuspid valve 
right ventricle 
semi lunar pulmonary valve 
Pulmonary arteries 
Lungs 
pulmonary veins
 left atrium 
mitral valve 
left ventricle 
aortic semilunar valve 
Aorta
Body and organs
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4
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Bloods pathway between right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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5
Q

Systemic circuit

A

That way between the left and the right side of the heart

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6
Q

Type of blood vessels

A

Arteries

arterioles

capillaries

veins

venules

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7
Q

Arteries

A

A lot of collastin
Help fluids to move down the gradients
lots of elastic tissue
maintain pressure

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

Majority of Smooth muscle To allow dilation and constriction
Arterioles
A lot of nerves which help vary flow of blood to tissues

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

Fenestration
One cell layer thick of endothelium
Allow exchange with environment

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10
Q

Vein /venules

A

A lot of collagen and smooth muscle
Very distensible to carry a lot of blood
One way flow
Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma
red blood cell
white blood cells
Thrombocytes

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12
Q

Plasma blood

A 
Liquid portion of the blood
Contains :
clotting factors 
hormones 
antibodies 
dissolved gases
 nutrients 
waste
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13
Q

Erythrocytes red blood cells

A

Carrie hemoglobin and oxygen
no nucleus
live for 90 to 120 days
Cannot repair themselves

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14
Q

Leukocytes white blood cells

A 
Fight infection 
forms in the bone marrow 
five types : 
neutrophils 
lymphocytes 
Eosinophils 
basophils 
monocytes
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15
Q

Thrombocytes platelets

A

Self recommends forms in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes

Klutz blood by sticking together via fibrin

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16
Q

Anemia

A

Lack of iron in the blood

low red blood cell counts

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17
Q

Leukemia

A

White blood cell wild proliferation causing anemia

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18
Q

Hemophilia

A

Lack of fibrinogen in Thrombocytes leading to heavy bleeding

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19
Q

Heart murmur

A

Abnormal heart beat caused by valve issues

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20
Q

Heart attack/ myocardial infarction

A

Blood vessels around heart become blocked with plaque

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21
Q

Heart Blood supply

A 
Right coronary artery 
 anterior interventricular coronary artery 
great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Posterior interventricular artery
Small cardiac vein 
Right marginal artery
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22
Q

Heart functions

A

Generates blood pressure
routing blood
ensuring oneway bloodflow with presence of valves
regulates blood supply

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23
Q

Pericardium

A

Composed of fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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24
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

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25
Q

Three layers of tissue of heart

A

Epicardium => serous membrane, smooth, outermost

myocardium => middle layer , cardiac muscle cells, make heart contract

endocardium => smooth inner surface of heart chamber

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26
Q

Role of desmosomes in cardiac muscles

A

Hold cells together

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27
Q

Role of gap junctions in cardiac muscles

A

Allow action potential’s

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28
Q

Conducting system of the heart components

A 
Sino atrial node 
atrioventricular node 
atrioventricular bundle 
left and right bundle branches 
Purkinje fibers
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29
Q

2 systems of the heart

A

Conducting

Contractile

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30
Q

Conducting system function

A

Induce impulse to conduct information.

Has excitable cells ( cells with variable resting membrane potential )

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31
Q

Contractile system

A

Impulse transmitted through movement of ions across leaky channels or gated channels

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32
Q

Action potential in SA nodes phases

A

Prepotential

Depolarization

Repolarization phase

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33
Q

Two types of refractory period

A

Absolute

Relative

34
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cardiac muscle completely insensitive to further stimulation

35
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation

36
Q

Component of ECG

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

37
Q

P wave of ECG

A

Atrial depolarization

38
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

Atrial depolarization

39
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

40
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate above 100bpm

41
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate less than 60bpm

42
Q

Sinus arrythmias

A

Irregular heartbeat

43
Q

Premature atrial contraction

A

Shortened interval between one contraction and next one

44
Q

ECG change in complete heart block

A

Small uncoordinated p and QRS wave

45
Q

ECG change in premature ventricular contraction

A

No p waves before QRS

46
Q

Bundle branch block ECG changes

A

Prolonged QRS complex

47
Q

Atrial fibrillation ECG changes

A

No clear p waves

Rapid QRS

48
Q

Ventricular fibrillation ECG changes

A

Ahh no p wave, QRS or T wave

49
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION
Systole -> both semilunar and AV valves closed

EJECTION
sysTole -> semilunar valve open and av valve closed

ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION
diastole -> both types of valve closed —> atrium Filling

VENTRICULAR FILLING
diastole —> passive ventricular filling followed by active ventricular filling —> semi lunar valves closed and AV valve opened

50
Q

mean arterial blood pressure equation

A

MAP= COxPR

51
Q

Cardiac output equations

A

CO = HRx PR

52
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Total resistance against which blood must be pumped

53
Q

Intrinsic regulation of the heart

A

Normal functional characteristics

Starlings law of the heart

54
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Involves neural and hormonal control

Parasympathetic stimulation ( vagus nerve , decreased HR, Acetylcholine)

Sympathetic stimulation ( cardiac nerves, increase HR and contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine)

55
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Blood pressure increases -> detected by baroreceptor in internal carotid arteries and aorta -> cardio regulatory center increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic -> decreased heart rate and stroke volume -> BP decreased mes

Blood pressure decreases too low -> detected by baroreceptor in internal carotid artery and aorta -> decreased parasympathetic , increased sympathetic -> increased HR and SV -> BP increases because of high CO and He

56
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex pH

A

Blood pH high ( low CO2) -> detected by chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata-> cardio regulatory center increases parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic -> decreases HR and SV -> decreased blood flow to the lungs-> decreased blood pH (increased CO2) ->

Blood pH low (high CO2) -> detected by chemoreceptors -> cardio regulatory center decreases sympathetic and parasympathetic-> increased HR and SV -> CO increased -> decreased CO2 -> increased blood pH

57
Q

Changes of the heart due to aging

A

Hypertrophy of left ventricle

Max heart rate decreases

More andnormality of valves

58
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica external

59
Q

Bulk flow

A

Large number of ions molecules or particles move together in sand direction

60
Q

Systolic BP

A

Highest pressure during systole

61
Q

Diastolic BP

A

Lowest arterial pressure in diastole

62
Q

Vascular resistance

A

Resistance to blood flow

63
Q

Factors affecting vascular resistance

A

Size of lumen -> vasoconstriction lead to higher resistance
Blood viscosity -> higher viscosity means higher resistance
Blood vessel length -> proportion to resistance

64
Q

Venous return

A

Volume of blood flowing back to heart

65
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Blood goes in one direction due to valves

66
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Due to pressure changes in thoracic and abdominal cavities

67
Q

Factors that can increase venous return

A

Increase blood volume
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Venoconstriction

68
Q

Factors that increase SV

A

Increased venous return
Increased sympathetic
Hormones from adrenal medulla

69
Q

Factors that can Increased heart rate

A

Decreased parasympathetic
Increased sympathetic impulses
Hormones form adrenal medulla

70
Q

Propioreceptors

A

Monitor joint movement

Provide input during physical activity

71
Q

Carotid sinus reflex regulate

A

Blood pressure in Brain

72
Q

Aortic reflex regulates

A

Systemic blood pressure

73
Q

Salt sensitivity percentage in essential hypertension

A

60%

74
Q

Percentage of essential up retention with high renin

A

15%

75
Q

How can cell membrane defect cause high blood pressure

A

Because accumulation of calcium in the cells

Transport of sodium impaired

76
Q

Syndrome X

A

Central obesity
dyslipidemia
rise in blood pressure

77
Q

Is insulin resistance part of syndrome X

A

Yes

78
Q

Consequence of insulin resistance

A 
Rise in renal sodium
Rise in sympathetic activity
 rise in arterial pressure 
vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy
 rise in calcium due to modification of membrane transport
79
Q

Percentage of genetic heritability of hypertension

A

30%

80
Q

Factors that play into essential hypertension

A 
Age 
race 
sex 
smoking 
excessive alcohol intake 
serum cholesterol 
glucose intolerance 
inappropriate weight gain

Cardiovascular Module (21 decks)

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