Physiological & Psychopharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Brain Regions
A
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Subcortical Forbrain Structures
2
Q
Hindbrain
Medulla
A
- involuntary throat & mouth
- regulates survival-respiration, heart rate & blood pressure, swallowing
- MEDULLA-MOUTH
3
Q
Hindbrain
Pons
A
- connect 2 sides of cerebellum
- relays messages between cerebellum & cerebral cortex
- respiration
- deep sleep
- REM sleep
4
Q
Hindbrain
CereBELLum
A
- think handBELLS-middle part has to be BALANCED in middle for bell to be silent =Good Posture
- Ataxia-looks like alcohol intoxication-lack of motor control= call a taxi
- *Procedural memory-playing an instrument requires movement, driving car
- Implicit memory- operates unconscious (remembering how to automatically play an instrument)
5
Q
Hindbrain
Cerebellum-nonmotor functions
A
- attention
- linguistic processing
- visual spatial abilities
6
Q
Midbrain Structure
function
A
- midbrain connects hindbrain to forebrain
7
Q
Midbrain
Reticular Formation
A
- check out my muscle FORMATION–deals with FORMING muscle tone
- coordinated eye movement (forces you to look at those muscles!!)
- Controls Pain
8
Q
Midbrain
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
aka
Ascending Reticular Activating System
A
- AROUSAL- and SLEEP
- mediates/controls
- consciousness
- arousal
- sleep/wake
- alerts
- cerebral cortex of incoming sensory information
9
Q
Midbrain
Substantia Nigra
A
-
pleasure &reward-drug addition seeking
- through basal ganglia and motor control
- Parkinson’s Disease-degeneration of dopamine-producing cells
10
Q
Subcortical Forbrain Structure
Hypothalamus
A
- Five F fever, f**k,
- H-homeostatis-balances things in body **
- y
- P-pituitary gland stimulation-release of sex horm
- blOod pressure
- T-temperature of your body
- H-hunger
- A-aggression & emotional reactions
- sLeep/sexy time things/suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC) (sleep/wake/seasonal cycles)
- Autonomic Nervous system
- Mammillary bodies in the suprachiasmatic nucleus control MEMORY
- U
- thirSt
11
Q
A
12
Q
Subcortical Forbrain Structure
Thalamus
A
- relay station
- *sends messages to all but smell*
- sensory/motor functioning
- language/speech
- declarative memories aka explicit memory aka knowing the facts/events
13
Q
Subcortical Forebrain
Thalamus-if damaged
A
- anterograde amnesia-cannot create new memory due to damage to the hippocampus
- retrograde amnesia-cannot remember before
- tends to be temporary & things return
- recent long term memory is impacted
- oldest memory return first
-
Confabulation Syndrome-aka Korsakoffs-aka Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- alcohol confabulation-make things up to fill in gaps
- thiamine deficiency (aka B1)
14
Q
Subcortical Forbrain Structure
Basal Ganglia
A
- movement-initiation of voluntary movement
- procedural memory-how we remember2 do things
- implicit memory automatic memory (turn on light in a room
- Attention & Decision making
- Emotions (you either love or hate luxury cars)
15
Q
Subcortical Forbrain Structures
Basal Ganglia
structures
A
- caudate nucleus -striatum
- putamen-striatum
- globus pallidus-transfer information to the thalamus
16
Q
Basal Ganglia damage/abnormal
A
- schizophrenia
- ADHD
- OCD
- Tourettes
- Huntingtons disease (unwanted movements)
- Parkensons disease (challenges w/intended movement)
17
Q
Subcortical Structure
Limbic System
structures
A
- amygdala
- cingulate cortex
- hippocampus
- also think 5 m’s for LiMMMMMbic
- thalaMus
- hypothalaMus
- septuM
- aMygdala
- hippocaMpus
18
Q
Subcortical Brain Structures
Amygdala-location
A
- located in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to (in front of) the hippocampus
- amygdala is part of the limbic system, a neural network that mediates many aspects of emotion and memory
19
Q
Limbic System
Primary functions
A
- three m’s
- memory
- motivation
- eMotion
20
Q
Limbic System
Amygdala
what happens, activity, emotions, memories
A
- think Attaching different Facial Expression & Emotions 2 mister potato head (flashbulbs memory)
- evaluation of emotion significance
- flashbulbs memory-vivid memory shocking events
- ↑ activity in amygdala ↑ PTSD symptoms
- also lined to anxiety & depression
21
Q
Amygdala
damage
A
- damage to amygdala & ventromedial prefrontal cortex ↓ severity of PTSD
- **Kulver-Bucy Syndrome**
- damage to amygdala & temporal lobes
- hyperphagia (super hungry)
- hyperoriality (put everything in your mouth)
- ↓fear
- hypersexuality
- visual agnosia-aka-psychic blindness
22
Q
Limbic System
Cingulate Cortex
location & what it does
A
- contains cingulate gyrus
- 3 M’s plus pain
- motivation
- memory
- eMotions reaction to pain
23
Q
Limbic System
Cingulate Gyrus
Damage
A
- people will experience pain but are not emotionally attached to it
- abnormalities
- prefrontal
- orbital frontal
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- thalamus
- linked to depression & bipolar disorder
24
Q
Limbic system
Hippocampus
A
- memory less in emotions
- Hippo on campus -memory
- transfers declarative memories** (facts/events) to **long term memory & spatial memory
- pay Attention to where HIPPO is going spatial memory
- he thinks he is going2get help w/gambling addiction in the Entorhinal Cortex. building (adjacent to Hippocampus)
25
Limbic System
Hippocampus
damage/abnormalities
* damaged-degeneration of cells linked2 Alzheimers
* abnormalities-in hippocampus linked to
* depression
* bipolar
* PTSD
* Schizophrenia
* Spatial navigation
* impaired episodic memory
26
Brain regions
Cerebral Cortex
outer layer of brain
2 hemispheres
4 lobes
27
Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe
* **Brocas area**
* prefrontal
* supplemental
* premotor
* primary motor cortex
28
Cerebral Cortex
Broca's Area
* major language dominant frontal lobe
29
Brocas Aphasia
* expressive aphasia & nonfluent aphasia
* comprehension strong (they know they are not saying things correctly get frustrated)
* only speaks in nouns and verbs
* *left frontal lobe*
* ***anomia-cant identify people/objects by name***
30
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
* executive functions-higher order working memory
* prospective memory (future event)
* attention
* emotion regulation
31
Prefontal Cortex
Dorsolateral (PFC)
* dysexcutive syndrome
* deficits working memory & judgements
32
Prefrontal Cortex
Orbiofrontal PFC
1. dysinhibited syndrome
2. disinhibition
3. distractability
4. emotional lability
33
Prefrontal Cortex
Mediofrontal PFC
* apathetic-akinetic syndrome
* ↓ motor balance
* ↓ verbal output
* ↓ initiative
* ↓ motivation (abulia
34
Supplemental Motor Cortex
* self initiated complex movements
* somatopically organized-each part of body is controlled by specific cortical area
*
35
Premotor Cortex
planning and coordinating movements by sensory stimulate
36
Primary Cortex
* sends signals to muscles
* contralateral-opposite side of body
37
Temporal Lobe
* auditory cortex and Wernike area
38
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's area/aphasia
* area-major language usually left temporal lobe
* aka receptive/fluent/sensory/impressive aphasia
* impaired comprehension & fluent speech
39
Temporal Lobe
Conduction aphasia
* arcuate fasiculous
* intact comprehension
* fluent/spontaneous speech
* many more errors
* impaired repetition
40
Parietal Lobe
somatosensory cortex
* touch
* pressure
* temp
* pain
* body
41
Parietal Lobe
tactile agnosia
cant recognize by touch
42
Parietal Lobe
Asomatognosia
not aware of lack interest in own body parts
43
Parietal Lobe
anosognosia
aNOsogNOsia
No illness
aint nothing wrong with me
44
hemispatial neglect
* aka unilateral neglect
* aka contralateral neglect
* neglect opposite side of body where damage in brain occurs
* only shave one side of face, dress one side of body
45
Parietal Lobe
Gerstmann Syndrome
* caused damage to left side of fingers
* cannot tell left from right
* agraphia difficult writing
* acalculia difficulty with math
* right/left finger agnosia
* disorientation
46
Parietal Lobe
Ideomotor apraxia
* cannot follow motor commands (comb hair)
47
Temporal Lobe
Damage
* sleep disturbance because hypothalamus is located here and remember it controls sleep
48
Parietal Lobe
Idealitional Apraxia
* cant plan & execute sequence of steps (make a sandwich)
49
Parietal Lobe
agraphia
loss of writing
50
Parietal lobe
acaculia
loss of number skills
51
Occipitial Lobe
visual cortex
52
Occipital Lobe
achromatopia
* loss of color vision
* cortical blindness
53
Occipital Lobe
Prosoagnosia
cant recognize faces of familia people or pets
I am supposed to know ya
54
Occipital Lobe
damage
can lead to hallucinating
55
Brain Laterization
Dominant
* left hemisphere
* written
* spoken
* logical
* analytical thinking
* science & math
* positive emotions
56
Brain Lateralization
Left hemisphere
Damage
* speech difficulty
* expression/comprehension
* depression
* anger
* 90-99% right handers 50-70% left handers are left hemisphere dominant
57
Brain Lateralization
Right hemisphere
* nondominate
* holistic
* intuition
* understand space
* creativity
* negative emotion
* art awareness
* imagination
58
Brain Lateralization
Right Hemisphere Damage
* damaged can cause
* indifference
* depression
* euphoria
* impulsivity
59
Corpus Callosum
* bridges both hemispheres of the brain
* allow the brain to share information
* can be surgically severed to treat epilepsy
* everything minus olfaction is experienced opposite of where it is presented
60
Corpus Callosum
Split Brain Patient
* see in LEFT Hemi you can POINT/PICK UP
* see in RIGHt Hemi you can SAY what you see
61
Dichotic Listening
* speech lateralization
* 2 different words/same time
* language is lateralized to left hemisphere for most right handed people
62
Nervous System
Name 4 components
* central nervous system
* peripheral nervous system
* somatic nervous system
* autonomic nervous system
63
Nervous System
Central NS
brain and spinal cord
64
NS
Peripheral NS
transmits signal from brain to rest of the body
65
NS
Somatic NS
* sensory receptors to CNS & CNS skeletal muscles
* communicates w/sense organs & voluntary muscles
66
NS
Autonomic NS
* transmit from smooth to skeletal & back
* communicates w/internal organs & glands
67
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
sympathetic and parasympathetic
* sympathetic-prepare body for action fight/flight
* arousing, all systems go↑
* parasympathetic-sleep & relaxation & return to pre-emergency state
* everything slows down
* parachutes
* ex parasympathetic-erection
* sympathetic-ejaculation
68
Somatic Nervous System
Sensory and Motor
* Somatic Motor
* Sensory Afferent
* Motor-efferent
* soMatic-Motor
* Muscles, Movement, send Messages
* Sensory-afferent
* nervous system-sensory input
* Motor-efferent
* nervous system-motor output
69
Neurons
Structure of Neuron
* dendrites-receive information from cells
* axon-transmits information from other cells
* mylin-speeds up conduction of information through axon-transmits information to information to cells
70
Neurons
Conduction of Neurons
conduction & action potentials
* 2 processes-conduction and transmission
* conduction-neuron resting state is (-) when stimulation is caused (+) charged sodium ions enter the cell to make ↓- aka depolorized
* action potential-min threshold, depolarization and trigger\*all or nothing
* measured by frequency or # of action potential, not intensity
71
Transmission between neurons
synaptic transmission
* chemical
* action potential
* ↓
* action terminal
* ↓
* synaptic cleft
* ↓
* presynaptic neuron (inactive)
72
Transmission between neurons
Neurotransmitters
excitatory ↑ ap (action potential) in postsynaptic neuron
inhibitory ↓ ap in postsynaptic neuron
73
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
* ↑ ↓ functions
* ↓ dopamine subtantia nigra-Parkinsons
* ↑ caudate nucleus leads to -Tourettes
* dopmaine hypothesis ↑ dopamine schizophrenia & hyperactivity in dopamine receptor
74
Dopamine
mesolimbic pathway
* ***reward circuit***
* reinforces cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, and opiates
75
dopamine
mesocortial pathway
* starts at ventral tegmental area
* ↓
* ends at prefrontal cortex
* involves emotions and executive functions
76
dopamine
tuberoinfundibular pathway
* hypothalumus →pituatary gland
* hormone regulation especially prolactin release
77
dopamine
nigrostriatal pathway
* substantia nigra→striatum (caudate nucleus & putnam)
* production of purposeful movement
78
Acetylcholine (ACH)
* contract muscles
* ↑↓ excitatory & inhibitory
* movement, arousal, attention and memory
79
Acetylcholine
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder-destroys ACH receptors at NT
80
ACH
Alzheimer's Disease
↓ ACH in Enthorhinal Cortex and hippocampus
81
Glutamate
* ↑ excitatory, deals with movement
* emotions
* learning & memory
*
82
Glutamate
too high
* leads to stroke
* seizure disorder
* cause cell damage
* Huntington and Alzhemiers disease
83
Norepinephrine
* ↑Excitatory
* arousal
* attention
* learning & memory
* stress
* mood
84
Norepinephrine
Catecholimic Hypothesis
* ↓NE →depressant
* ↑NE →mania
85
Serotonin
* 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT)
* inhibitory effect,
* ↑ arousal, sleep, sex, mood, appetite
* ↑5HT→depression along w/other pain risks
86
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
* 10 inhibitory NT Memory, mood arousal, sleep, & motor control
* ↓ GABA→insomnia, seizures, anxiety
87
GABA
medications/function
* Benzodiazepen
* ↓anxiety ↑sleep
88
GABA & ACH
degeneration
* is in the basal ganglia
* motor symptoms
* Huntingtons Disease
89
Endorphins
* ↓inhibitory similar to opioids
* pleasure & well being & analgesic effect
90
Neurotransmitters
agonists
Partial agonists
Inverse agonists
Antagonists
* mimic or ↑ effect of NT
* similar but weaker effects of NT
* opposite effects of NT
* no effect block NT or ↓ NT/agonist
91
Serotonin
excess
* ↑ autism spectrum and schizophrenia have enlarged cerebral ventricles
92
Serotonin
OCD
need to increase Serotonin in OCD
the patient will need an SSRI
93
Sensation and Perception
Sensation
Perception
* sensation-receive and represent stimulus
* perception-organize & perceive sensory information
94
Sensation and Perception
Bottom Up
Top Down
* data driven incoming sensory ↑ to the brain
* concept driven presenting knowledge&expectations
95
Sensation and Perception (S & P)
Vision Light Waves
absorbed by photoreceptors (light sensitive) in retina
96
S & P
Light waves photoceptors
2 types of receptors
* cones
* best in bright light
* visual acuity and color
* rods
* most important for peripheral vision
* sensitive to light
97
S&P
Theories of Color Vision
a) Trichromatic theory
b) Opponent process theory
* a) initial
* retina 3 cones Red, Blue, Green
* beyond retina
* b) opponent process theory 3
* red/green, blue/yellow, white/black
* also explains color blindness
98
Colorblindness
* genetic mutation injury or illness
* abnormal gene X chromosome-
* more common in males
* recessive in females
* red/green most common
99
Depth Perception
Binocular Cues
* both eyes depth very close
* include retinal disparity and convergence
* *
100
Depth Perception
Retinal disparity
eye see objects two different views
the closer the object the greater disparity
101
Depth Perception
Convergence
eyes turn inwards as object gets closer
102
Depth Perception
Monocular
one eye and depth perception of objects of great overlap, (interposition, (motion parallax)
103
Pain
caused by several types of stimuli with impact from emotional state and past experience
104
Gate Controls
* pain perception between nerve fibers
* small unmylenated-transmit pain signals
* larger mylinated fibers transmit sensory signals closed for transmission of other signals
105
Gate Controls
Distraction Teqnique
can help affected area of pain with brain
106
Synesthesia
sensations in one place trigger sensation in another place
107
synesthesia
graphemea
a) color- #'s & letters associated w/specific colors
genetic & possible cross cultural
108
Psychophysics
meng and physical sensations
109
Webers Law
Just noticeable difference (JNB) stimulus is always in constant proportion
* like a spider web in proportion
110
Fechners Law
-Fechner-Weber Law
relationship between psychological sensation & magnitude
111
Stevens Power Law
most accurate psychological sensation & magnitude & exponential varience
112
Magnitude estimation
magnitude difference for different situations
113
Depth perception
Binocular
* objects relatively close
* include retinal disparity and convergence
114
Memory and Sleep
Brain Areas
Hippocampus
* consolodation of short term (working) →to long term memory declarative memories
* declarative memory
* also spatial working memory
115
Memory
Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum & Supplementary Motor Area
and damage to this area
* procedural & implicit memories (unconscious & automatic)
* damage-trouble w/new skills and doing previously learned skills
116
Memory and Sleep
Amygdala function and damage
* attaching emotion to memory
* remember the emotional experience more than nonemotional
* damage emotional and nonemotional recall equally since it has not emotional attachment
117
Sleep and Memory
Prefrontal Cortex
* working memory of short term memory
* also important for prospective memory
* ***event based prospective memory*** remembering to perform an action when triggered by external cue
* ***time based*** prospective memory- remember to perform action without external cue but rather time may involve *cingulate cortex*
118
Memory and Sleep
Thalamus and mammillary bodies damage
* mammillary bodies
* damage can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia
119
Sleep and Memory
Neural Mechanisms
2 effects
* study comes from sea slugs
* short term storage of information ↑ release of serotonin
* long term storage develops new neurons Δ's structure of neurons
120
Neural Mechanisms
Long term potentiation LTP
* quick, ↑frequency stimulation Δ in synapse associated with LTM depends on RNA
* an essential role in learning and memory formation
* taking a drug that inhibits RNA synthesis at the time of training will prevent formation of long term NOT short term memories
121
Sleep
2 theories
* recovery/restoration-purpose of sleep is to repair damage during wakefulness
* adaptive/evolutionary-sleep is related to the need to adapt to environmental threats
122
Stages of Sleep
* BAT DR helps recall
* Stage 1 Awake
* ***Beta***-Bettah be awake
* ↑F↓alpha replaced by ↓F theta ways
* drowsey state
* Stage 2 Relaxed
* ***Alpha-***Ahhhh...so relaxed b/c not processing information
* sleep spindles (interrupt-fast waves) and k complexes (large slow waves)
* Stage 3
* ***Theta waves***
* 20 minutes of sleep
* ↓F ↑ delta
* Stage 4
* ***DElta***-DEep sleep-aka slow-wave sleep
* 3 & 4 are known as deep sleep
* these are stages sleepwalking occurs
* Stage 5
* Rapid Eye movement (REM)-Paradoxical Sleep
* paralyzed sleep/difficult to arouse
* 80-90 minutes into sleep
* bizarre vivid dreams
* 10 mins rem then non rem back and forth
123
Lifestyle Δ's in sleep
* newborns sleep longer than children and adults
* children have ↑REM sleep active to quiet sleep
* switches at 3 months of age
* 4 stages present at 6 months of age
* Adults -circadian phase advance-going to sleep and waking up earlier
124
Emotions and Stress
James Lange Theory
* physiological reaction perceived as emotion
* Physiological -\>then feel the fear/emotion
125
Emotions and Stress
James Lange Theory
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
* physical changes are associated with specific emotions
* mimicking emotions smiling, making us feel happy
126
Emotions and Stress
Cannon-Bard Theory
* emotional and physical arousal
* emotion & physiological (thalamus) = same time
* differences in emotion cannot be related to the different physiological response
127
Emotions and Stress
Schachter and Singer two factor theory
Mis-Attribution of Arousal
mislabel arousal when cause is unknown
128
Emotion and Stress
## Footnote
Schachter and Singer two factor theory
* aka cognitive arousal theory
* cognitive arousal
* physiological --\>attribution (***cognitive label***)
129
Emotions and Stress
Damage to left vs right hemisphere
* left hemisphere
* positive emotions
* damage→depression or emotional volatility
* aka catastrophic reaction
* right hemisphere
* negative emotions
* damage inappropriate indifference or euphoria
130
Emotion and stress
Excitatory Transfer Theory
* arousal by one even can be transferred to an arousal of a latter unrelated event
* *physical arousal* may linger (slow to slow down)
* *residual arousal* arousal caused by one can increase arousal caused by another unrelated event.
* *limited insight may misattribute arousal to something that is not correct just because it was there*
131
Emotions and Stress
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory
* two people can see the same thing and respond differently because they see it differently
* physiological follow cognitive appraisal
132
Emotional and Stress
Cognitive Appraisal
* A) *primary appraisal*-evaluations affected by beliefs, values, motivations and expectations
* B) *secondary appraisal*-event stressful, identify coping options
* C) *reappraisal*-person looks at the situations determines what changes are necessary in primary or secondary appraisal
133
Brain Mechanisms
Papez Circuit
* emotions with specific areas of the brain including the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus and cingulate gyrus
134
Brain Mechanisms
Cerebral Cortex
* 2 hemispheres
* left dominant
* mediates happiness & positive emotions
* right
* sadness & (-) emotions
135
Brain Mechanisms
Cerebral Cortex
Damage left and right
* left damage aka catastrophic reaction
* depression
* anxiety
* fear
* and paranoia
* right damage aka indifferent reaction
* indifferent
* euphoria
136
Brain Mechanisms
Amygdala
* limbic recognized fear in face
* emotion to memory
137
Brain Mechanisms
amygdala
electronic stimulation and bilateral lesions
* electronic stimulation- creates fear & rage
* bilateral lesions-loss of fear w/o loss of other emotions
138
Brain Mechanisms
Hypothalamus
* regulates physical signs w/ANS & pituitary gland
139
Brain Mechanisms
Hypothalamus
electrical stimulation & bilateral lesions
* electronic stimulation-pleasure or fear
* bilateral lesions-rage
140
Brain Mechanisms
Stress
General Adaptation Model 3 stages
* *Initial Alarm*- increase sympathetic fight or flight
* *Resistance stage-*physical body calms but cortisol levels remain elevated
* increase energy & deal w/stressor
* *Exhaustion Stage*-physiological breaks down
141
Brain Mechanisms
McEwen Allostatic Load Model
* genetics & previous experience determines amygdala, hippocampus, & prefrontal cortex-our stress response
* Allostasis-stability through change
* Allostatic what is needed to adapt to stress event for a limited time
* Allostatic overload-loaded is weeks and months in patients health and immune system
*
142
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident CVA
* stroke leading to interruption to blood flow to the brain
143
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident CVA
Middle Cerebral Artery
* contralateral sensory loss and weakness (arm & face)
* contralateral visual field loss and aphasia (dominant field)
* apraxia & contralateral neglect (nondominant field)
144
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident CVA
*Posterior Cerebral Artery*
* unilateral cortical blindness
* visual impairments
* impaired language
* and memory loss
145
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident CVA
*Anterior Cerebral Artery*
* contralateral weakness (leg)
* impaired insight & judgment
* mutism
* apathy & confusion
146
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed
* may include loss of conciousness
* combination of emotional, cognitive, behavioral & physical symptoms
147
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed
*Anterograde amnesia*
* aka post traumatic amnesia due to TBI
* good predictor of recovery of other symptoms
148
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed
Retrograde amnesia
* resent long term memories impacted more than
* remote memories -memories from distant past
* return first
* most improvement within the first 3 months than to a year
149
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Motor Disturbances
Huntington Disease
* neurodegenerative disorder- affective, cognitive, motor symptom, 50% chance of inheritance
* abnormalities in basal ganglia & GABA & Glutamate
* affective symptoms before cognitive & motor
150
Huntington's
Affective Symptoms, Cognitive Symptoms, Motor
* Affective-apathy, depression, mood swings
* Cognitive symptoms
* short term memory loss
* impaired judgement & concentration
* Motor Symptoms
* clumsiness
* fidgety
* involuntary movements
* facial grimacing
151
Huntington's
Athetosis, Chorea,
* *Athetosis*-nonrhythmic, slow writing movements
* *Chorea-*involuntary rapid jerkey movements of legs and trouble with body trunk
152
Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Parkinson Disease
* prominent motor symptoms
* \*linked to loss of dopamine cells in sustantia nigria in the basal ganglia
* increase Glutamate & decrease GABA in basal ganglia may also play a part too
153
Parkinsons disease
Physical symptoms
* tremors-often begins in hand
* problems w/balance
* rigidity muscles
* bradykinesia (slowed voluntary movements)
* 20% of time depression before motory sx
* shuffled gait
* resting tremor
154
Parkinsons
Treatment
* L-Dopa will alleviate but will not cure
* it increases dopamine
155
Seizures Disorders
Focal onset seizures AWARE
* 1 cerebral hemisphere, 1 side of the brain
* *Focal onset aware seizures* (simple partial) consciousness
156
Seizures Disorders
Focal onset seizures Awareness Impaired
* complex seizure change in consciousness w/aura
* aka complex partial seizures
* ALWAYS loss consciousness
* ***Auras***-are common
* sensations (feelings/smells that sometimes occur right before the seizure
* ***Automatisms***-sometimes occur******
* involuntary movements, pacing, fidgeting, walking in a circle
157
Seizure Disorder
Generalized Onset
both hemispheres
158
Generalized Onset non-motor seizure
* aka absence seizures
* aka petit mal seizures
* blank stare, eyes turn upward
* looks like daydreaming
* last less than 30 seconds
* lose consciousness briefly
* these are common in kids
159
Generalized Onset motor seizure
* aka tonic-clonic
* aka grand mal seizures
* change in consciousness -***tonic*** phase
* tonic means to stiffen
* ***clonic*** (means jerky movements)
* involve loss of consciousness
* these are typical seizures you see portrayed on TV
160
Simple Partial seizures
* aka focal onset awareness
* do not lose consciousness and can describe seizure after
* *Jacksonian* seizure are an example of this type of seizure and occur in the frontal lobe
161
Psychopathology & Other Psychotic Drugs
* sedatives
* hypnotics
* anxiolytics
* these include benzodiazepines, barbituates and azapirones
162
Benzodiazepines
* diaze***pam***-valium
* alprozol***am***-mxanax
* loraz***am***-ativan
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Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepines
Treatment sx
* ↑GABA
* anxiety
* insomnia
* seizures
* & alcohol treatment
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Benzodiazepines
how it works
* ↑ GABA to counteract Glutamate (remember GABA is inhibitory and results in muscle relaxation, sedation, ↓ seizures/anxiety
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Benzodiazepine
side effect
* *Anticholinergic effects* (dry mouth/eyes, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention)
* *Paradoxical effect* = makes you feel anxious and excited
* excitability
* chronic use
* everything can bring same symptom trying to avoid
* w/alcohol Synergist depressant can be lethal when combined
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Barbituates
* thiopent***al***-pentoth*al*
* amobarbit***al-***amyt***al***
* secobarbit***al***-secon*al*
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Barbituates
used for which sym
* ↑GABA
* used as an anesthetic for anxiety, insomnia, seizures
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Bartibuate
Side effects
* can lead to dependence & w/o can cause seizures, delirum and death
* Barbituate & Alcohol can be leathal
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Arazpinoes
* buspirone (buspar)
170
Azapirones
treatment sx
* \*\*GAD
* other anxiety disorders
171
Azapirones aka buspirone
side effects
* does not cause tolerance, sedation or dependence
*
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Narcotic-Analgesics
* aka OPIODS
* Narcotic-mimics body natural chemistry
* natural body opioids -endorphins& enkephalin
* synthetic-opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
* semisynthetic-methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl
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Narcotic-Analgesics
side effects
* overdose-can cause convulsions or death
* initial withdrawal looks like flu then insomnia
* abdominal constriction, vomiting, diarrhea,
* ↑ heartbeat,
* ↑BP
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Beta Blockers
propanol-Inderal
175
Beta blockers
treatment sx
* anxiety
* help w/***somatic*** symptoms BETTER than psych sx
* Hypertension Migraines Panic attacks Tremors Somatic symptoms of anxiety
176
Beta Blockers
what does it do
* inhibit sympathetic nervous system (SPN) for hypertension, headaches, confusion & cardiac arythmia
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Beta Blocker
side effects
* ↓ sex
* insomonia
* nausea
* vomiting
* dry eyes
* dizziness
* depression
* memory impairment
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Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
alternate names, treatment sx, side effect
* Lithum-eskalith, lithobid
* first line defense acute ***Mania*** & ***Bipolor***
* check regularly for toxicity-can cause seizures, coma or death
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Mood Stabilizer
Anticonvulsant
treatment sx, names, side effects
* sx-Mania & Bipolar
* Carbamazepine (Tegretol)&Valporic Acid (Depakene)
* monitor blood levels to avoid liver failure & *agranulocytosis* (↓white blood count) & plastic anemia
*
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Alzheimer Drugs
* cholinesterase inhibitors & NMDA receptor antagonist slow progression of ALzeimers
* Cholinesterase delay breakdown of ACH
* NMDA receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda) effects regulating glutamate activity
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Psychostimulant
ADHD
* methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta)
* Pemoline (Cylert)
* Amaphetamine-dextroamphetamine (adderall)
*
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Psychstimulant
physiological impact
and impact on children and adults
* ↑dopamine and ↑ NE in prefrontal cortex
* drug holidays help w/MD supervision for growth
* adults ↑attention ↑+mood, ↓working memory & academic performance
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other ADHD medication
second and third line
* those that cannot tolerate side effects or high risk for stimulant misuse
* 2 line
* atomoxetine (strattera) Most common prescribed for nonstimulants and better for people with comorbid issues (tic, sleep, anxiety, depression)
* guanfacine (intuniv)
* clonidine (kapvay)
* 3rd line
* antidepressants
* tricyclic desipramine (Norpramin)
* NDRI burpoprion (Wellbutrin)
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Drugs for Alcohol usage
3 main
what they do
* disulfiram (antabuse)
* nausea/vomiting, short breath, headache, dizzy
* naltrexone (ReVia)
* ↓pleasurable effects
* ↓reduce cravings for alcohol
* Acamprosate (Campral)
* ↓reduce cravings
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Tetrahydrocannabinol THC
* main ingredient of Cannabis
* stimulates release of ***dopamine in ventral stratium (nucleaus accumbens)*** aka brains mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway
* dronabinal oral solution (SYNDROS) has TCH
* used to treat anorexia and weight loss with patients with AIDS and also chemo patients
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Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Drug Half-Life
* time needed to ↓50% of peak level
* used to determine drug time intervals
* short half life-short dosage
* anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressants have a LONGER half-life for OLDER adults due to age-related changes in metabolism and getting rid of drug
* ex Benzodiazepines have a long half-life takes 24 hours to eliminate in younger adults and up to 72 hours in older adults
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Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Drug tolerance and cross-tolerance
* tolerance
* need to ↑ dose to get same effect
* Cross tolerance
* one drug produces tolerance to others in the same class
* example alcohol is a cns depressant it can cause tolerance to benzodiazepines and barbituates
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Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Therapeutic index (TI)
* calculate drug safety
* Lethal Dose (LD50) 50% if test sample (animals)
* drug w/↓LD50 more lethal than ↑LD50
* Effective Dose (ED50) 50% Effective dose (humans)
* TI indicates toxic harmful effect
* TI calculations
* TI = TD50/ED50
* TD=toxic dose 50%
* TI \<1 narrow therapeutic window
* not very safe close monitoring
* TI \>1 wide therapeutic window safer
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
* facial features from specific emotions correlate to the physiological changes in that emotion.
* tell someone if they smile they will feel better
* JAMES LANGE
