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EPPP > Physiological & Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Physiological & Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Regions

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Subcortical Forbrain Structures
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2
Q

Hindbrain

Medulla

A
  • involuntary throat & mouth
  • regulates survival-respiration, heart rate & blood pressure, swallowing
  • MEDULLA-MOUTH
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3
Q

Hindbrain

Pons

A
  • connect 2 sides of cerebellum
  • relays messages between cerebellum & cerebral cortex
  • respiration
  • deep sleep
  • REM sleep
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4
Q

Hindbrain

CereBELLum

A
  • think handBELLS-middle part has to be BALANCED in middle for bell to be silent =Good Posture
  • Ataxia-looks like alcohol intoxication-lack of motor control= call a taxi
  • *Procedural memory-playing an instrument requires movement, driving car
  • Implicit memory- operates unconscious (remembering how to automatically play an instrument)
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5
Q

Hindbrain

Cerebellum-nonmotor functions

A
  • attention
  • linguistic processing
  • visual spatial abilities
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6
Q

Midbrain Structure

function

A
  • midbrain connects hindbrain to forebrain
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7
Q

Midbrain

Reticular Formation

A
  • check out my muscle FORMATION–deals with FORMING muscle tone
  • coordinated eye movement (forces you to look at those muscles!!)
  • Controls Pain
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8
Q

Midbrain

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

aka

Ascending Reticular Activating System

A
  • AROUSAL- and SLEEP
  • mediates/controls
    • consciousness
    • arousal
    • sleep/wake
    • alerts
    • cerebral cortex of incoming sensory information
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9
Q

Midbrain

Substantia Nigra

A
  • pleasure &reward-drug addition seeking
    • through basal ganglia and motor control
  • Parkinson’s Disease-degeneration of dopamine-producing cells
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10
Q

Subcortical Forbrain Structure

Hypothalamus

A
  • Five F fever, f**k,
  • H-homeostatis-balances things in body **
  • y
  • P-pituitary gland stimulation-release of sex horm
  • blOod pressure
  • T-temperature of your body
  • H-hunger
  • A-aggression & emotional reactions
  • sLeep/sexy time things/suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC) (sleep/wake/seasonal cycles)
  • Autonomic Nervous system
  • Mammillary bodies in the suprachiasmatic nucleus control MEMORY
  • U
  • thirSt
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Subcortical Forbrain Structure

Thalamus

A
  • relay station
  • *sends messages to all but smell*
  • sensory/motor functioning
  • language/speech
  • declarative memories aka explicit memory aka knowing the facts/events
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13
Q

Subcortical Forebrain

Thalamus-if damaged

A
  • anterograde amnesia-cannot create new memory due to damage to the hippocampus
  • retrograde amnesia-cannot remember before
  • tends to be temporary & things return
  • recent long term memory is impacted
  • oldest memory return first
  • Confabulation Syndrome-aka Korsakoffs-aka Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
    • alcohol confabulation-make things up to fill in gaps
    • thiamine deficiency (aka B1)
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14
Q

Subcortical Forbrain Structure

Basal Ganglia

A
  • movement-initiation of voluntary movement
  • procedural memory-how we remember2 do things
  • implicit memory automatic memory (turn on light in a room
  • Attention & Decision making
  • Emotions (you either love or hate luxury cars)
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15
Q

Subcortical Forbrain Structures

Basal Ganglia

structures

A
  • caudate nucleus -striatum
  • putamen-striatum
  • globus pallidus-transfer information to the thalamus
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16
Q

Basal Ganglia damage/abnormal

A
  • schizophrenia
  • ADHD
  • OCD
  • Tourettes
  • Huntingtons disease (unwanted movements)
  • Parkensons disease (challenges w/intended movement)
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17
Q

Subcortical Structure

Limbic System

structures

A
  • amygdala
  • cingulate cortex
  • hippocampus
  • also think 5 m’s for LiMMMMMbic
    • thalaMus
    • hypothalaMus
    • septuM
    • aMygdala
    • hippocaMpus
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18
Q

Subcortical Brain Structures

Amygdala-location

A
  • located in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to (in front of) the hippocampus
  • amygdala is part of the limbic system, a neural network that mediates many aspects of emotion and memory
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19
Q

Limbic System

Primary functions

A
  • three m’s
  • memory
  • motivation
  • eMotion
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20
Q

Limbic System

Amygdala

what happens, activity, emotions, memories

A
  • think Attaching different Facial Expression & Emotions 2 mister potato head (flashbulbs memory)
  • evaluation of emotion significance
  • flashbulbs memory-vivid memory shocking events
  • ↑ activity in amygdala ↑ PTSD symptoms
  • also lined to anxiety & depression
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21
Q

Amygdala

damage

A
  • damage to amygdala & ventromedial prefrontal cortex ↓ severity of PTSD
  • **Kulver-Bucy Syndrome**
    • damage to amygdala & temporal lobes
    • hyperphagia (super hungry)
    • hyperoriality (put everything in your mouth)
    • ↓fear
    • hypersexuality
    • visual agnosia-aka-psychic blindness
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22
Q

Limbic System

Cingulate Cortex

location & what it does

A
  • contains cingulate gyrus
  • 3 M’s plus pain
    • motivation
    • memory
    • eMotions reaction to pain
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23
Q

Limbic System

Cingulate Gyrus

Damage

A
  • people will experience pain but are not emotionally attached to it
  • abnormalities
    • prefrontal
    • orbital frontal
    • hippocampus
    • amygdala
    • thalamus
    • linked to depression & bipolar disorder
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24
Q

Limbic system

Hippocampus

A
  • memory less in emotions
  • Hippo on campus -memory
  • transfers declarative memories** (facts/events) to **long term memory & spatial memory
  • pay Attention to where HIPPO is going spatial memory
  • he thinks he is going2get help w/gambling addiction in the Entorhinal Cortex. building (adjacent to Hippocampus)
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25
Q

Limbic System

Hippocampus

damage/abnormalities

A
  • damaged-degeneration of cells linked2 Alzheimers
  • abnormalities-in hippocampus linked to
    • depression
    • bipolar
    • PTSD
    • Schizophrenia
    • Spatial navigation
    • impaired episodic memory
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26
Q

Brain regions

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer layer of brain

2 hemispheres

4 lobes

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27
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Brocas area
  • prefrontal
  • supplemental
  • premotor
  • primary motor cortex
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28
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Broca’s Area

A
  • major language dominant frontal lobe
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29
Q

Brocas Aphasia

A
  • expressive aphasia & nonfluent aphasia
  • comprehension strong (they know they are not saying things correctly get frustrated)
  • only speaks in nouns and verbs
  • left frontal lobe
  • anomia-cant identify people/objects by name
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30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

A
  • executive functions-higher order working memory
  • prospective memory (future event)
  • attention
  • emotion regulation
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31
Q

Prefontal Cortex

Dorsolateral (PFC)

A
  • dysexcutive syndrome
  • deficits working memory & judgements
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32
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

Orbiofrontal PFC

A
  1. dysinhibited syndrome
  2. disinhibition
  3. distractability
  4. emotional lability
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33
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

Mediofrontal PFC

A
  • apathetic-akinetic syndrome
  • ↓ motor balance
  • ↓ verbal output
  • ↓ initiative
  • ↓ motivation (abulia
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34
Q

Supplemental Motor Cortex

A
  • self initiated complex movements
  • somatopically organized-each part of body is controlled by specific cortical area
    *
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35
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

planning and coordinating movements by sensory stimulate

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36
Q

Primary Cortex

A
  • sends signals to muscles
  • contralateral-opposite side of body
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37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • auditory cortex and Wernike area
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38
Q

Temporal Lobe

Wernicke’s area/aphasia

A
  • area-major language usually left temporal lobe
  • aka receptive/fluent/sensory/impressive aphasia
  • impaired comprehension & fluent speech
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39
Q

Temporal Lobe

Conduction aphasia

A
  • arcuate fasiculous
  • intact comprehension
  • fluent/spontaneous speech
  • many more errors
  • impaired repetition
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40
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

  • touch
  • pressure
  • temp
  • pain
  • body
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41
Q

Parietal Lobe

tactile agnosia

A

cant recognize by touch

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42
Q

Parietal Lobe

Asomatognosia

A

not aware of lack interest in own body parts

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43
Q

Parietal Lobe

anosognosia

A

aNOsogNOsia

No illness

aint nothing wrong with me

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44
Q

hemispatial neglect

A
  • aka unilateral neglect
  • aka contralateral neglect
  • neglect opposite side of body where damage in brain occurs
  • only shave one side of face, dress one side of body
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45
Q

Parietal Lobe

Gerstmann Syndrome

A
  • caused damage to left side of fingers
  • cannot tell left from right
  • agraphia difficult writing
  • acalculia difficulty with math
  • right/left finger agnosia
  • disorientation
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46
Q

Parietal Lobe

Ideomotor apraxia

A
  • cannot follow motor commands (comb hair)
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47
Q

Temporal Lobe

Damage

A
  • sleep disturbance because hypothalamus is located here and remember it controls sleep
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48
Q

Parietal Lobe

Idealitional Apraxia

A
  • cant plan & execute sequence of steps (make a sandwich)
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49
Q

Parietal Lobe

agraphia

A

loss of writing

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50
Q

Parietal lobe

acaculia

A

loss of number skills

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51
Q

Occipitial Lobe

A

visual cortex

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52
Q

Occipital Lobe

achromatopia

A
  • loss of color vision
  • cortical blindness
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53
Q

Occipital Lobe

Prosoagnosia

A

cant recognize faces of familia people or pets

I am supposed to know ya

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54
Q

Occipital Lobe

damage

A

can lead to hallucinating

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55
Q

Brain Laterization

Dominant

A
  • left hemisphere
    • written
    • spoken
    • logical
    • analytical thinking
    • science & math
    • positive emotions
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56
Q

Brain Lateralization

Left hemisphere

Damage

A
  • speech difficulty
  • expression/comprehension
  • depression
  • anger
  • 90-99% right handers 50-70% left handers are left hemisphere dominant
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57
Q

Brain Lateralization

Right hemisphere

A
  • nondominate
    • holistic
    • intuition
    • understand space
    • creativity
    • negative emotion
    • art awareness
    • imagination
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58
Q

Brain Lateralization

Right Hemisphere Damage

A
  • damaged can cause
    • indifference
    • depression
    • euphoria
    • impulsivity
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59
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • bridges both hemispheres of the brain
  • allow the brain to share information
  • can be surgically severed to treat epilepsy
  • everything minus olfaction is experienced opposite of where it is presented
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60
Q

Corpus Callosum

Split Brain Patient

A
  • see in LEFT Hemi you can POINT/PICK UP
  • see in RIGHt Hemi you can SAY what you see
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61
Q

Dichotic Listening

A
  • speech lateralization
  • 2 different words/same time
  • language is lateralized to left hemisphere for most right handed people
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62
Q

Nervous System

Name 4 components

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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63
Q

Nervous System

Central NS

A

brain and spinal cord

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64
Q

NS

Peripheral NS

A

transmits signal from brain to rest of the body

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65
Q

NS

Somatic NS

A
  • sensory receptors to CNS & CNS skeletal muscles
  • communicates w/sense organs & voluntary muscles
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66
Q

NS

Autonomic NS

A
  • transmit from smooth to skeletal & back
  • communicates w/internal organs & glands
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67
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

sympathetic and parasympathetic

A
  • sympathetic-prepare body for action fight/flight
    • arousing, all systems go↑
  • parasympathetic-sleep & relaxation & return to pre-emergency state
    • everything slows down
    • parachutes
  • ex parasympathetic-erection
    • sympathetic-ejaculation
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68
Q

Somatic Nervous System

Sensory and Motor

  • Somatic Motor
  • Sensory Afferent
  • Motor-efferent
A
  • soMatic-Motor
    • Muscles, Movement, send Messages
  • Sensory-afferent
    • nervous system-sensory input
  • Motor-efferent
    • nervous system-motor output
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69
Q

Neurons

Structure of Neuron

A
  • dendrites-receive information from cells
  • axon-transmits information from other cells
  • mylin-speeds up conduction of information through axon-transmits information to information to cells
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70
Q

Neurons

Conduction of Neurons

conduction & action potentials

A
  • 2 processes-conduction and transmission
  • conduction-neuron resting state is (-) when stimulation is caused (+) charged sodium ions enter the cell to make ↓- aka depolorized
  • action potential-min threshold, depolarization and trigger*all or nothing
    • measured by frequency or # of action potential, not intensity
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71
Q

Transmission between neurons

synaptic transmission

A
  • chemical
  • action potential
  • ↓
  • action terminal
  • ↓
  • synaptic cleft
  • ↓
  • presynaptic neuron (inactive)
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72
Q

Transmission between neurons

Neurotransmitters

A

excitatory ↑ ap (action potential) in postsynaptic neuron

inhibitory ↓ ap in postsynaptic neuron

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73
Q

Neurotransmitters

Dopamine

A
  • ↑ ↓ functions
  • ↓ dopamine subtantia nigra-Parkinsons
  • ↑ caudate nucleus leads to -Tourettes
  • dopmaine hypothesis ↑ dopamine schizophrenia & hyperactivity in dopamine receptor
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74
Q

Dopamine

mesolimbic pathway

A
  • reward circuit
  • reinforces cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, and opiates
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75
Q

dopamine

mesocortial pathway

A
  • starts at ventral tegmental area
  • ↓
  • ends at prefrontal cortex
  • involves emotions and executive functions
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76
Q

dopamine

tuberoinfundibular pathway

A
  • hypothalumus →pituatary gland
  • hormone regulation especially prolactin release
77
Q

dopamine

nigrostriatal pathway

A
  • substantia nigra→striatum (caudate nucleus & putnam)
  • production of purposeful movement
78
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A
  • contract muscles
  • ↑↓ excitatory & inhibitory
  • movement, arousal, attention and memory
79
Q

Acetylcholine

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder-destroys ACH receptors at NT

80
Q

ACH

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

↓ ACH in Enthorhinal Cortex and hippocampus

81
Q

Glutamate

A
  • ↑ excitatory, deals with movement
  • emotions
  • learning & memory
    *
82
Q

Glutamate

too high

A
  • leads to stroke
  • seizure disorder
  • cause cell damage
  • Huntington and Alzhemiers disease
83
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • ↑Excitatory
  • arousal
  • attention
  • learning & memory
  • stress
  • mood
84
Q

Norepinephrine

Catecholimic Hypothesis

A
  • ↓NE →depressant
  • ↑NE →mania
85
Q

Serotonin

A
  • 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT)
  • inhibitory effect,
  • ↑ arousal, sleep, sex, mood, appetite
  • ↑5HT→depression along w/other pain risks
86
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A
  • 10 inhibitory NT Memory, mood arousal, sleep, & motor control
  • ↓ GABA→insomnia, seizures, anxiety
87
Q

GABA

medications/function

A
  • Benzodiazepen
    • ↓anxiety ↑sleep
88
Q

GABA & ACH

degeneration

A
  • is in the basal ganglia
  • motor symptoms
  • Huntingtons Disease
89
Q

Endorphins

A
  • ↓inhibitory similar to opioids
  • pleasure & well being & analgesic effect
90
Q

Neurotransmitters

agonists

Partial agonists

Inverse agonists

Antagonists

A
  • mimic or ↑ effect of NT
  • similar but weaker effects of NT
  • opposite effects of NT
  • no effect block NT or ↓ NT/agonist
91
Q

Serotonin

excess

A
  • ↑ autism spectrum and schizophrenia have enlarged cerebral ventricles
92
Q

Serotonin

OCD

A

need to increase Serotonin in OCD

the patient will need an SSRI

93
Q

Sensation and Perception

Sensation

Perception

A
  • sensation-receive and represent stimulus
  • perception-organize & perceive sensory information
94
Q

Sensation and Perception

Bottom Up

Top Down

A
  • data driven incoming sensory ↑ to the brain
  • concept driven presenting knowledge&expectations
95
Q

Sensation and Perception (S & P)

Vision Light Waves

A

absorbed by photoreceptors (light sensitive) in retina

96
Q

S & P

Light waves photoceptors

2 types of receptors

A
  • cones
    • best in bright light
    • visual acuity and color
  • rods
    • most important for peripheral vision
    • sensitive to light
97
Q

S&P

Theories of Color Vision

a) Trichromatic theory
b) Opponent process theory

A
  • a) initial
    • retina 3 cones Red, Blue, Green
    • beyond retina
  • b) opponent process theory 3
    • red/green, blue/yellow, white/black
    • also explains color blindness
98
Q

Colorblindness

A
  • genetic mutation injury or illness
  • abnormal gene X chromosome-
  • more common in males
  • recessive in females
  • red/green most common
99
Q

Depth Perception

Binocular Cues

A
  • both eyes depth very close
  • include retinal disparity and convergence
  • *
100
Q

Depth Perception

Retinal disparity

A

eye see objects two different views

the closer the object the greater disparity

101
Q

Depth Perception

Convergence

A

eyes turn inwards as object gets closer

102
Q

Depth Perception

Monocular

A

one eye and depth perception of objects of great overlap, (interposition, (motion parallax)

103
Q

Pain

A

caused by several types of stimuli with impact from emotional state and past experience

104
Q

Gate Controls

A
  • pain perception between nerve fibers
  • small unmylenated-transmit pain signals
  • larger mylinated fibers transmit sensory signals closed for transmission of other signals
105
Q

Gate Controls

Distraction Teqnique

A

can help affected area of pain with brain

106
Q

Synesthesia

A

sensations in one place trigger sensation in another place

107
Q

synesthesia

graphemea

A

a) color- #’s & letters associated w/specific colors

genetic & possible cross cultural

108
Q

Psychophysics

A

meng and physical sensations

109
Q

Webers Law

A

Just noticeable difference (JNB) stimulus is always in constant proportion

  • like a spider web in proportion
110
Q

Fechners Law

A

-Fechner-Weber Law

relationship between psychological sensation & magnitude

111
Q

Stevens Power Law

A

most accurate psychological sensation & magnitude & exponential varience

112
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

magnitude difference for different situations

113
Q

Depth perception

Binocular

A
  • objects relatively close
  • include retinal disparity and convergence
114
Q

Memory and Sleep

Brain Areas

Hippocampus

A
  • consolodation of short term (working) →to long term memory declarative memories
  • declarative memory
  • also spatial working memory
115
Q

Memory

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum & Supplementary Motor Area

and damage to this area

A
  • procedural & implicit memories (unconscious & automatic)
  • damage-trouble w/new skills and doing previously learned skills
116
Q

Memory and Sleep

Amygdala function and damage

A
  • attaching emotion to memory
  • remember the emotional experience more than nonemotional
  • damage emotional and nonemotional recall equally since it has not emotional attachment
117
Q

Sleep and Memory

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • working memory of short term memory
  • also important for prospective memory
  • event based prospective memory remembering to perform an action when triggered by external cue
  • time based prospective memory- remember to perform action without external cue but rather time may involve cingulate cortex
118
Q

Memory and Sleep

Thalamus and mammillary bodies damage

A
  • mammillary bodies
  • damage can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia
119
Q

Sleep and Memory

Neural Mechanisms

2 effects

A
  • study comes from sea slugs
  • short term storage of information ↑ release of serotonin
  • long term storage develops new neurons Δ’s structure of neurons
120
Q

Neural Mechanisms

Long term potentiation LTP

A
  • quick, ↑frequency stimulation Δ in synapse associated with LTM depends on RNA
  • an essential role in learning and memory formation
  • taking a drug that inhibits RNA synthesis at the time of training will prevent formation of long term NOT short term memories
121
Q

Sleep

2 theories

A
  • recovery/restoration-purpose of sleep is to repair damage during wakefulness
  • adaptive/evolutionary-sleep is related to the need to adapt to environmental threats
122
Q

Stages of Sleep

A
  • BAT DR helps recall
  • Stage 1 Awake
    • Beta-Bettah be awake
      • ↑F↓alpha replaced by ↓F theta ways
      • drowsey state
  • Stage 2 Relaxed
    • Alpha-Ahhhh…so relaxed b/c not processing information
    • sleep spindles (interrupt-fast waves) and k complexes (large slow waves)
  • Stage 3
    • Theta waves
      • 20 minutes of sleep
      • ↓F ↑ delta
  • Stage 4
    • DElta-DEep sleep-aka slow-wave sleep
    • 3 & 4 are known as deep sleep
    • these are stages sleepwalking occurs
  • Stage 5
    • Rapid Eye movement (REM)-Paradoxical Sleep
      • paralyzed sleep/difficult to arouse
      • 80-90 minutes into sleep
      • bizarre vivid dreams
      • 10 mins rem then non rem back and forth
123
Q

Lifestyle Δ’s in sleep

A
  • newborns sleep longer than children and adults
  • children have ↑REM sleep active to quiet sleep
  • switches at 3 months of age
  • 4 stages present at 6 months of age
  • Adults -circadian phase advance-going to sleep and waking up earlier
124
Q

Emotions and Stress

James Lange Theory

A
  • physiological reaction perceived as emotion
  • Physiological ->then feel the fear/emotion
125
Q

Emotions and Stress

James Lange Theory

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A
  • physical changes are associated with specific emotions
  • mimicking emotions smiling, making us feel happy
126
Q

Emotions and Stress

Cannon-Bard Theory

A
  • emotional and physical arousal
  • emotion & physiological (thalamus) = same time
  • differences in emotion cannot be related to the different physiological response
127
Q

Emotions and Stress

Schachter and Singer two factor theory

Mis-Attribution of Arousal

A

mislabel arousal when cause is unknown

128
Q

Emotion and Stress

Schachter and Singer two factor theory

A
  • aka cognitive arousal theory
  • cognitive arousal
  • physiological –>attribution (cognitive label)
129
Q

Emotions and Stress

Damage to left vs right hemisphere

A
  • left hemisphere
    • positive emotions
    • damage→depression or emotional volatility
      • aka catastrophic reaction
  • right hemisphere
    • negative emotions
    • damage inappropriate indifference or euphoria
130
Q

Emotion and stress

Excitatory Transfer Theory

A
  • arousal by one even can be transferred to an arousal of a latter unrelated event
  • physical arousal may linger (slow to slow down)
  • residual arousal arousal caused by one can increase arousal caused by another unrelated event.
  • limited insight may misattribute arousal to something that is not correct just because it was there
131
Q

Emotions and Stress

Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A
  • two people can see the same thing and respond differently because they see it differently
  • physiological follow cognitive appraisal
132
Q

Emotional and Stress

Cognitive Appraisal

A
  • A) primary appraisal-evaluations affected by beliefs, values, motivations and expectations
  • B) secondary appraisal-event stressful, identify coping options
  • C) reappraisal-person looks at the situations determines what changes are necessary in primary or secondary appraisal
133
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Papez Circuit

A
  • emotions with specific areas of the brain including the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus and cingulate gyrus
134
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • 2 hemispheres
  • left dominant
    • mediates happiness & positive emotions
  • right
    • sadness & (-) emotions
135
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Cerebral Cortex

Damage left and right

A
  • left damage aka catastrophic reaction
    • depression
    • anxiety
    • fear
    • and paranoia
  • right damage aka indifferent reaction
    • indifferent
    • euphoria
136
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Amygdala

A
  • limbic recognized fear in face
  • emotion to memory
137
Q

Brain Mechanisms

amygdala

electronic stimulation and bilateral lesions

A
  • electronic stimulation- creates fear & rage
  • bilateral lesions-loss of fear w/o loss of other emotions
138
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Hypothalamus

A
  • regulates physical signs w/ANS & pituitary gland
139
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Hypothalamus

electrical stimulation & bilateral lesions

A
  • electronic stimulation-pleasure or fear
  • bilateral lesions-rage
140
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Stress

General Adaptation Model 3 stages

A
  • Initial Alarm- increase sympathetic fight or flight
  • Resistance stage-physical body calms but cortisol levels remain elevated
    • increase energy & deal w/stressor
  • Exhaustion Stage-physiological breaks down
141
Q

Brain Mechanisms

McEwen Allostatic Load Model

A
  • genetics & previous experience determines amygdala, hippocampus, & prefrontal cortex-our stress response
  • Allostasis-stability through change
  • Allostatic what is needed to adapt to stress event for a limited time
  • Allostatic overload-loaded is weeks and months in patients health and immune system
    *
142
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Cerebrovascular Accident CVA

A
  • stroke leading to interruption to blood flow to the brain
143
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Cerebrovascular Accident CVA

Middle Cerebral Artery

A
  • contralateral sensory loss and weakness (arm & face)
  • contralateral visual field loss and aphasia (dominant field)
  • apraxia & contralateral neglect (nondominant field)
144
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Cerebrovascular Accident CVA

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • unilateral cortical blindness
  • visual impairments
  • impaired language
  • and memory loss
145
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Cerebrovascular Accident CVA

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • contralateral weakness (leg)
  • impaired insight & judgment
  • mutism
  • apathy & confusion
146
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed

A
  • may include loss of conciousness
  • combination of emotional, cognitive, behavioral & physical symptoms
147
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • aka post traumatic amnesia due to TBI
  • good predictor of recovery of other symptoms
148
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Traumatic Brain Injury TBI open or closed

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • resent long term memories impacted more than
  • remote memories -memories from distant past
    • return first
    • most improvement within the first 3 months than to a year
149
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Motor Disturbances

Huntington Disease

A
  • neurodegenerative disorder- affective, cognitive, motor symptom, 50% chance of inheritance
  • abnormalities in basal ganglia & GABA & Glutamate
  • affective symptoms before cognitive & motor
150
Q

Huntington’s

Affective Symptoms, Cognitive Symptoms, Motor

A
  • Affective-apathy, depression, mood swings
  • Cognitive symptoms
    • short term memory loss
    • impaired judgement & concentration
  • Motor Symptoms
    • clumsiness
    • fidgety
    • involuntary movements
    • facial grimacing
151
Q

Huntington’s

Athetosis, Chorea,

A
  • Athetosis-nonrhythmic, slow writing movements
  • Chorea-involuntary rapid jerkey movements of legs and trouble with body trunk
152
Q

Neurological & Endocrine Disorders

Parkinson Disease

A
  • prominent motor symptoms
  • *linked to loss of dopamine cells in sustantia nigria in the basal ganglia
  • increase Glutamate & decrease GABA in basal ganglia may also play a part too
153
Q

Parkinsons disease

Physical symptoms

A
  • tremors-often begins in hand
  • problems w/balance
  • rigidity muscles
  • bradykinesia (slowed voluntary movements)
  • 20% of time depression before motory sx
  • shuffled gait
  • resting tremor
154
Q

Parkinsons

Treatment

A
  • L-Dopa will alleviate but will not cure
  • it increases dopamine
155
Q

Seizures Disorders

Focal onset seizures AWARE

A
  • 1 cerebral hemisphere, 1 side of the brain
  • Focal onset aware seizures (simple partial) consciousness
156
Q

Seizures Disorders

Focal onset seizures Awareness Impaired

A
  • complex seizure change in consciousness w/aura
  • aka complex partial seizures
  • ALWAYS loss consciousness
  • Auras-are common
    • sensations (feelings/smells that sometimes occur right before the seizure
  • Automatisms-sometimes occur​
    • involuntary movements, pacing, fidgeting, walking in a circle
157
Q

Seizure Disorder

Generalized Onset

A

both hemispheres

158
Q

Generalized Onset non-motor seizure

A
  • aka absence seizures
  • aka petit mal seizures
  • blank stare, eyes turn upward
  • looks like daydreaming
  • last less than 30 seconds
  • lose consciousness briefly
  • these are common in kids
159
Q

Generalized Onset motor seizure

A
  • aka tonic-clonic
  • aka grand mal seizures
  • change in consciousness -tonic phase
    • tonic means to stiffen
  • clonic (means jerky movements)
  • involve loss of consciousness
  • these are typical seizures you see portrayed on TV
160
Q

Simple Partial seizures

A
  • aka focal onset awareness
  • do not lose consciousness and can describe seizure after
  • Jacksonian seizure are an example of this type of seizure and occur in the frontal lobe
161
Q

Psychopathology & Other Psychotic Drugs

A
  • sedatives
  • hypnotics
  • anxiolytics
  • these include benzodiazepines, barbituates and azapirones
162
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • diazepam-valium
  • alprozolam-mxanax
  • lorazam-ativan
163
Q

Anxiolytics

Benzodiazepines

Treatment sx

A
  • ↑GABA
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
  • seizures
  • & alcohol treatment
164
Q

Benzodiazepines

how it works

A
  • ↑ GABA to counteract Glutamate (remember GABA is inhibitory and results in muscle relaxation, sedation, ↓ seizures/anxiety
165
Q

Benzodiazepine

side effect

A
  • Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth/eyes, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention)
  • Paradoxical effect = makes you feel anxious and excited
  • excitability
  • chronic use
  • everything can bring same symptom trying to avoid
  • w/alcohol Synergist depressant can be lethal when combined
166
Q

Barbituates

A
  • thiopental-pentothal
  • amobarbital-amytal
  • secobarbital-seconal
167
Q

Barbituates

used for which sym

A
  • ↑GABA
  • used as an anesthetic for anxiety, insomnia, seizures
168
Q

Bartibuate

Side effects

A
  • can lead to dependence & w/o can cause seizures, delirum and death
  • Barbituate & Alcohol can be leathal
169
Q

Arazpinoes

A
  • buspirone (buspar)
170
Q

Azapirones

treatment sx

A
  • **GAD
  • other anxiety disorders
171
Q

Azapirones aka buspirone

side effects

A
  • does not cause tolerance, sedation or dependence
    *
172
Q

Narcotic-Analgesics

A
  • aka OPIODS
  • Narcotic-mimics body natural chemistry
    • natural body opioids -endorphins& enkephalin
    • synthetic-opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
    • semisynthetic-methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl
173
Q

Narcotic-Analgesics

side effects

A
  • overdose-can cause convulsions or death
  • initial withdrawal looks like flu then insomnia
  • abdominal constriction, vomiting, diarrhea,
  • ↑ heartbeat,
  • ↑BP
174
Q

Beta Blockers

A

propanol-Inderal

175
Q

Beta blockers

treatment sx

A
  • anxiety
  • help w/somatic symptoms BETTER than psych sx
  • Hypertension Migraines Panic attacks Tremors Somatic symptoms of anxiety
176
Q

Beta Blockers

what does it do

A
  • inhibit sympathetic nervous system (SPN) for hypertension, headaches, confusion & cardiac arythmia
177
Q

Beta Blocker

side effects

A
  • ↓ sex
  • insomonia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • dry eyes
  • dizziness
  • depression
  • memory impairment
178
Q

Mood Stabilizers

Lithium

alternate names, treatment sx, side effect

A
  • Lithum-eskalith, lithobid
  • first line defense acute Mania & Bipolor
  • check regularly for toxicity-can cause seizures, coma or death
179
Q

Mood Stabilizer

Anticonvulsant

treatment sx, names, side effects

A
  • sx-Mania & Bipolar
  • Carbamazepine (Tegretol)&Valporic Acid (Depakene)
  • monitor blood levels to avoid liver failure & agranulocytosis (↓white blood count) & plastic anemia
    *
180
Q

Alzheimer Drugs

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitors & NMDA receptor antagonist slow progression of ALzeimers
  • Cholinesterase delay breakdown of ACH
  • NMDA receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda) effects regulating glutamate activity
181
Q

Psychostimulant

ADHD

A
  • methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta)
  • Pemoline (Cylert)
  • Amaphetamine-dextroamphetamine (adderall)
    *
182
Q

Psychstimulant

physiological impact

and impact on children and adults

A
  • ↑dopamine and ↑ NE in prefrontal cortex
  • drug holidays help w/MD supervision for growth
  • adults ↑attention ↑+mood, ↓working memory & academic performance
183
Q

other ADHD medication

second and third line

A
  • those that cannot tolerate side effects or high risk for stimulant misuse
  • 2 line
    • atomoxetine (strattera) Most common prescribed for nonstimulants and better for people with comorbid issues (tic, sleep, anxiety, depression)
    • guanfacine (intuniv)
    • clonidine (kapvay)
  • 3rd line
    • antidepressants
    • tricyclic desipramine (Norpramin)
    • NDRI burpoprion (Wellbutrin)
184
Q

Drugs for Alcohol usage

3 main

what they do

A
  • disulfiram (antabuse)
    • nausea/vomiting, short breath, headache, dizzy
  • naltrexone (ReVia)
    • ↓pleasurable effects
    • ↓reduce cravings for alcohol
  • Acamprosate (Campral)
    • ↓reduce cravings
185
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol THC

A
  • main ingredient of Cannabis
  • stimulates release of dopamine in ventral stratium (nucleaus accumbens) aka brains mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway
  • dronabinal oral solution (SYNDROS) has TCH
    • used to treat anorexia and weight loss with patients with AIDS and also chemo patients
186
Q

Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs

Drug Half-Life

A
  • time needed to ↓50% of peak level
  • used to determine drug time intervals
  • short half life-short dosage
  • anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressants have a LONGER half-life for OLDER adults due to age-related changes in metabolism and getting rid of drug
  • ex Benzodiazepines have a long half-life takes 24 hours to eliminate in younger adults and up to 72 hours in older adults
187
Q

Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs

Drug tolerance and cross-tolerance

A
  • tolerance
    • need to ↑ dose to get same effect
  • Cross tolerance
    • one drug produces tolerance to others in the same class
    • example alcohol is a cns depressant it can cause tolerance to benzodiazepines and barbituates
188
Q

Psychopharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs

Therapeutic index (TI)

A
  • calculate drug safety
  • Lethal Dose (LD50) 50% if test sample (animals)
    • drug w/↓LD50 more lethal than ↑LD50
  • Effective Dose (ED50) 50% Effective dose (humans)
    • TI indicates toxic harmful effect
  • TI calculations
    • TI = TD50/ED50
    • TD=toxic dose 50%
    • TI <1 narrow therapeutic window
      • not very safe close monitoring
    • TI >1 wide therapeutic window safer
189
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A
  • facial features from specific emotions correlate to the physiological changes in that emotion.
  • tell someone if they smile they will feel better
  • JAMES LANGE

EPPP (10 decks)

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