Physiological Psychology Psychopharm Flashcards
Which of the following is a condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are high, often arising from pituitary tumors, adrenal tumors, or deliberate therapy involving corticosteroids?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
D. Lyme disease
B. cushings syndrome
Which of the following brain structures is responsible for interhemispheric communication?
A. Precentral gyrus
B. Arcuate fasciculus
C. Cingulate gyrus
D. Corpus callosum
D. Corpus callosum
If Stephanie is attacked and therefore becomes more fearful of a wide variety of situations, let us assume her brain has decided, “This is a dangerous world. I need to be alert for new threats.” This long-term, generalized emotional arousal depends on which of the following brain areas?
A. Amygdala
B. Hypothalamus
C. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
D. Corpus striatum
C. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Which of the following receptors are excited by the neurotransmitter glutamate?
A. AMPA and NMDA
B. 5-HT and G-protein
C. D2 and G-protein
D. nAChR and mAChR
A. AMPA and NMDA
Which of the following plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders while regulating movements and influencing various types of learning?
A. Putamen
B. Globus pallidus
C. Caudate nucleus
D. Basal ganglia
A. Putamen
A _______ is produced by a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an emotion-producing stimulus.
A. unconditioned emotional response
B. conditioned emotional response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditional response
b. conditioned emotional response
_________ is the region located in the dorsolateral pons that contains acetylcholinergic neurons and is involved in the initiation of REM sleep.
A. Ventrolateral preoptic area
B. Tuberomammillary nucleus
C. Magnocellular nucleus
D. Peribrachial area
d. peribrachial area
The discrepancy between what the left and right eyes see, is termed which of the following?
A.
Retinal disparity
B.
Strabismus
C.
Astigmatism
D.
Binocular
a. retinal disparity
The ________ are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Select one:
A.
ventricles
B.
meninges
C.
central canal
D.
choroid plexus
b. meninges
Taking aspirin to treat the symptoms of the flu, chickenpox, or other viral illnesses, especially in children and adolescents, can trigger which of the following?
Select one:
A.
Machado-Joseph disease
B.
Reye’s syndrome
C.
Prader-Willi syndrome
D.
Urbach-Wiethe disease
b. reyes syndrome
_________ refers to the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a substance that is used to enhance flavor.
Select one:
A.
Umami
B.
Sodium nitrite
C.
Carrageenan
D.
Sodium benzoate
A.
Umami
Haloperidol acts as a _________ receptor antagonist.
A.
GABA
B.
norepinephrine
C.
dopamine
D.
glutamate
c. dopamine
Which area of the brain keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world?
A.
Primary motor cortex
B.
Prefrontal cortex
C.
Posterior parietal cortex
D.
Supplementary motor cortex
c. posterior parietal cortex
Ataxia is a common symptom of advanced multiple sclerosis and is characterized by:
Select one:
A.
impairment of movement
B.
an uncomfortable sense of restlessness or agitation
C.
impaired coordination and balance
D.
slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the extremities
c. impaired coordination and balance
Which of the following areas of the brain produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms?
Select one:
A.
Pineal gland
B.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
C.
Medial pontine reticular formation
D.
Raphe nuclei
a. pineal gland
Which of the following explains the binding of a drug with various tissues of the body or with proteins in the blood?
Select one:
A.
Dose-response curve
B.
Depot binding
C.
Pharmacokinetics
D.
Sites of action
b. depot binding
Methylphenidate inhibits the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
Select one:
A.
Serotonin
B.
Dopamine
C.
Epinephrine
D.
Acetylcholine
b. dopamine
_______ is specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving one finger at a time.
Select one:
A.
Precentral gyrus
B.
Prefrontal cortex
C.
Caudate nucleus
D.
Hippocampus
a. precentral gyrus
A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it is called a ________.
Select one:
A.
indirect agonist
B.
receptor blocker
C.
indirect antagonist
D.
presynaptic heteroreceptor
b. receptor blocker
The _______ is a region of the cerebellum involved in the control of postural reflexes.
A.
vermis
B.
flocculonodular lobe
C.
fastigial nucleus
D.
putamen
b. flocculonodular lobe
Which of the following is true regarding a K-complex waveform?
Select one:
A.
An extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma
B.
A state that the brain actively produces, characterized by decreased response to stimuli
C.
Waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second
D.
A sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing
D.
A sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing
The _____________ maintains the body’s internal homeostasis.
Select one:
A.
cingulate gyrus
B.
hypothalamus
C.
cerebellum
D.
adrenal medulla
b. hypothalamus
Which of the following cells mediate immune responses in the central nervous system by acting as macrophages, clearing cellular debris and dead neurons from nervous tissue through the process of phagocytosis?
Select one:
A.
Microglia
B.
Oligodendrocytes
C.
Radial glia
D.
Astrocytes
a. microglia
_______ refers to a sudden change of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but damaged, brain area.
Select one:
A.
Diaschisis
B.
Stroke
C.
Concussion
D.
Coma
a. diaschisis
Temporal lobe damage causes which of the following?
Select one:
A.
Contralateral neglect
B.
Apraxia
C.
Receptive aphasia
D.
Ataxia
c. receptive aphasia
Which layer of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus transmits information necessary for perception of color and fine details to the primary visual cortex?
Select one:
A.
Magnocellular layer
B.
Parvocellular layer
C.
Koniocellular sublayer
D.
Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
B. Parvocellular layer
Which of the following diseases is characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, and dementia?
Select one:
A.
Huntington’s disease
B.
Parkinson’s disease
C.
Alzheimer’s disease
D.
Tardive Dyskinesia
a. huntingtons disease
Sexual maturity occurs when gonadotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by which area of the brain?
Select one:
A.
Hippocampus
B.
Hypothalamus
C.
Adrenal glands
D.
Thalamus
b. hypothalamus
Which of the following describes a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell?
Select one:
A.
Receptor blocker
B.
Direct agonist
C.
Agonist
D.
Antagonist
d. antagonist
Which disease is Levodopa (L-Dopa) most commonly used to treat?
Select one:
A.
Alzheimer’s disease
B.
Parkinson’s disease
C.
Hunington’s disease
D.
Tourette Syndrome
b. parkinsons disease
Which of the following is directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information?
Select one:
A.
Dorsal root
B.
Efferent axon
C.
Afferent axon
D.
Ventral root
c. afferent axon
Which of the following best describes how men and women differ most?
Select one:
A.
Total white matter
B.
Intellectual performance
C.
Total gray matter
D.
Total number of neurons
a. total white matter
Damage to the reticular activating system is most likely to cause which of the following?
Select one:
A.
Deficits in explicit memory
B.
Disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle
C.
Impaired balance and coordination
D.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
b. disruption in the sleep wake cycle
Which theory emphasizes that dreams begin with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses?
Select one:
A.
Threat simulation theory
B.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
C.
Clinico-anatomical hypothesis
D.
Self-organization theory of dreaming
c. clinico anatomical hypothesis
The jumping of action potentials from node to node is referred to as:
Select one:
A.
graded potential
B.
saltatory conduction
C.
action potential
D.
polarization
b. saltatory conduction
Which structure performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell requires for all other functions?
Select one:
A.
Nucleus
B.
Ribosomes
C.
Membrane
D.
Mitochondrion
d, mitochondrion
Which of the following chemicals crosses the blood-brain barrier by active transport?
Select one:
A.
Oxygen
B.
Water
C.
Glucose
D.
Carbon dioxide
c. glucose
lesions in the right (nondominant) hemisphere of the cerebral cortex are most likely to cause which of the following:
Select one:
A.
exaggerated reactions to benign events
B.
indifference or excessive cheerfulness
C.
excessive fear and anger
D.
decreased talkativeness
b. indifference or excessive cheerfulness
Which type of side effects include sweating, sexual dysfunction, and orthostatic hypotension?
Select one:
A.
Adrenergic
B.
Anticholinergic
C.
Antihistaminic
D.
Cholinergic
a. andrenergic
___________ is caused by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain.
Select one:
A.
Spina Bifida
B.
Meningitis
C.
Hydrocephalus
D.
Encephalitis
c. hydrocephalus
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is responsible for:
Select one:
A.
muscular contraction
B.
mood regulation
C.
situational responsivity
D.
broad systemic regulation
a. muscular contraction
Which type of gene results in a new combination, some from one parent and some from the other, which yields characteristics not found in either parent?
Select one:
A.
Dominant
B.
Recessive
C.
Recombination
D.
Crossing-over
c. recombination
A process that causes the neuron to excrete neurotransmitters through its membrane and into the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons is called:
Select one:
A.
hyperpolarization
B.
polarization
C.
depolarization
D.
exocytosis
d. exocytosis
In which of the following ways do men and women differ most?
Select one:
A.
Intellectual performance
B.
Gray matter
C.
White matter
D.
Surface area of the cortex
c. white matter
Soon after starting an antidepressant, a woman develops several negative side effects including dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and blurred vision. Which of the following would alleviate these symptoms?
Select one:
A.
Caffeine
B.
Histamine agonist
C.
Dopamine agonist
D.
Cholinergic agonist
d. cholinergic agonist
The hypothalamus is involved in all of the following functions EXCEPT:
Select one:
A.
hunger and thirst
B.
sexual arousal
C.
sleep-wake cycle
D.
vision and audition
d. vision and audition
Which of the following theories uses natural selection to account for brain development and functioning in terms of selectionist amplification, pruning, and strengthening of neurons, synapses, and dynamic signaling?
Select one:
A.
Gesell’s Maturational Theory
B.
Neural Darwinism
C.
Dynamic Systems Theory
D.
Ecological Systems Theory
b. neural darwinism
_______________ is a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-suppressant medication, and withdrawal often results is episodes of increased REM sleep (REM sleep rebound).
Select one:
A.
Alprazolam
B.
Bupropion
C.
Lithium
D.
Trazadone
a. alprazolam
Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys and causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin?
Select one:
A.
Renin
B.
Erythropoietin
C.
Calcitriol
D.
Endothelin
a. renin
Propranolol and other beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are most effective for:
Select one:
A.
reducing palpitations, tremors, and somatic complaints of anxiety
B.
reducing psychic manifestations (worry, obsessive thoughts) of anxiety
C.
reducing symptoms associated with major depressive disorder
D.
increasing the somatic complaints and the psychic manifestations of anxiety
A.
reducing palpitations, tremors, and somatic complaints of anxiety
