Learning Flashcards
All of the following techniques are based on principles of classical conditioning except:
A. systematic desensitization
B. covert sensitization
C. response cost
D.implosive therapy
c. response cost
As originally described by Wolpe (1958), reciprocal inhibition involved replacing:
A. an automatic response with an intentional response
B. a dysfunctional thought with a more functional one
C. an anxiety response with a relaxation response
D.an external attribution with an internal attribution
C.
an anxiety response with a relaxation response
Which type of reinforcement schedule causes a behavior to be most resistant to extinction?
A. Fixed ratio
B. Variable ratio
C. Fixed interval
D. Variable interval
B.
Variable ratio
Whenever Bahir, age 5, has tantrums in his kindergarten class, his teacher removes him from all opportunities for reinforcement by having him sit in a small empty room adjacent to the classroom for five minutes. The teacher is using which of the following techniques to reduce Bahir’s tantrums?
A. Positive punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
Incorrect
C. Negative punishment
D. Overcorrection
C. Negative punishment
Which of the following best describes “backward conditioning?
A. It involves presentation of the unconditioned stimulus prior to presentation of the conditioned stimulus and is rarely effective.
B. It involves presentation of the unconditioned stimulus prior to presentation of the conditioned stimulus and is very effective when the stimuli are similar in kind.
C. It involves presentation of the conditioned stimulus prior to presentation of the unconditioned stimulus and is effective only when the two stimuli occur naturally in that order.
Incorrect
D. It involves presentation of the reinforcer prior to the target behavior and is effective only when the reinforcer is highly desirable.
A.
It involves presentation of the unconditioned stimulus prior to presentation of the conditioned stimulus and is rarely effective.
When conducting a study to investigate the phenomenon known as “blocking,” you will present the CS prior to the US; then, once the CR is established:
A. present the US prior to the CS
B. present the CS prior to a second US
C. present the original CS simultaneously with a second CS prior to the US
D. present a second CS after the US
C.
present the original CS simultaneously with a second CS prior to the US
The use of shaping to establish a complex behavior depends on which of the following?
A. Desensitization
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Alternate response training
D. Higher-order conditioning
B.
Positive reinforcement
A psychologist who views learning as the result of operant conditioning would likely attribute the acquisition of complex behaviors to which of the following?
A. Behavioral chaining
B. Stimulus substitution
C. Higher order conditioning
Incorrect
D. Stimulus generalization
A.
Behavioral chaining
Pavlov concluded that spontaneous recovery provided support for which of the following assumptions?
A. Regardless of the number of conditioning trials, the conditioned response (CR) is always weaker than the (UR).
B. Extinction trials suppress (rather than eliminate) a conditioned response.
C. Negative punishment is more effective than positive punishment for suppressing an undesirable behavior.
Incorrect
D. Learning (but not performance) can occur without positive reinforcement.
B.
Extinction trials suppress (rather than eliminate) a conditioned response.
Which of the following is an example of higher-order conditioning?
A. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until a conditioned response (CR) is established; subsequently, the CR occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the US.
B. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until a conditioned response (CR) is established; subsequently, the CS elicits a variety of responses including the CR.
C. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until a conditioned response (CR) is established; subsequently, the CS is paired with a second US until a second CR is established.
Incorrect
D. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until a conditioned response (CR) is established; subsequently, a second CS is paired with the first CS until it also elicits a CR.
D.
A conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until a conditioned response (CR) is established; subsequently, a second CS is paired with the first CS until it also elicits a CR.
