Physiological Psychology and Pharmacology Flashcards
Recent studies suggest that, for patients who develop tardive dyskinesia (uncontrollable facial or body movements) as a result of long-term neuroleptic use symptoms
May eventually improve to some degree following neuroleptic withdrawal
Following a head injury, an adult exhibits a period of post-traumatic amnesia that lasts for nearly one hour. Two days later, he is still experiencing a number of symptoms including headache, fatigue, irritability, visual disturbances, and impair attention. What can he expect in terms of recovery?
Most or all of the neurological functions and resolution of most or all symptoms within 3-6 months.
Which of the following describes the most likely outcome for a one-year old child who sustains left hemisphere brain injury that involves extensive damage to Broca’s area?
The child will eventually exhibit language abilities in the low-normal to normal range due to takeover of language functions by the right hemisphere.
An MRI of a patient with Huntington’s disease is most likely to show atrophy in which brain structure?
Caudate Nucleus
In comparison to conventional neuroleptics, risperidone (risperdal) is ____ likely to produce tardive dyskinesia
Less
Practical Clinical Trials
Designed to evaluate the effects of interventions delivered under typical community conditions
What is the correct sequence of events that occur during action potential?
Sodium enters the cell and the cell depolarizes. Then potassium leaves the cell and the cell repolarizes.
When working with a “split-brain” patient, you would notice that they have the most difficulty with what?
Sensory functions
What are the symptoms of a common migraine?
Does not begin with aura and may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting
Kandel and Schwartz (1982) studied habituation to Aplysia, an invertebrate marine animal, in order to obtain information on
Neuronal processes underlying memory
L-dopa acts as a
Dopamine agonist (activate dopamine receptors)
Following a head injury, a middle-aged man experiences a loss of sensation in the fingers of his left hand. Most likely the damage involves the
Postcentral gyrus
Drugs that block the activity of _____ produce dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, tachycardia, and sedation.
ACh
What medications are useful for alleviating psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia and psychotic disorder?
Risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
The complete loss of color vision resulting from lack of functioning cone cells is referred to as:
Achromatopsia
Anomia (difficulty recalling the names of everyday objects) is a likely outcome of damage to which area of the brain?
Wernicke’s area (manages speech)
A tumor in the medial hypothalamus is most likely to produce what?
Outbursts of aggressive behavior
To reduced symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, what would be the most effective treatment?
A drug that decreases dopamine levels
Where is the Wernicke’s area located in the brain?
Temporal Lobe
For most patients with Parkinson’s Disease, depression
Appears to be endogenous to the disorder and may precede motor symptoms, especially in younger patients
Agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds
Akathisia
Inability to sit or stand still; uncomfortable sense of restlessness
Akinesia
Complete or almost complete loss of movement
Anosognosia
Failure to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms
Aphasia
Disturbance in previously acquired language skills
Apraxia
Inability to carry out purposeful movements despite normal muscle power and control
Asomatognosia
Inability to recognize parts of one’s own body
Ataxia
Incoordination, clumsiness, lack of balance
Athetosis
Slow writhing involuntary movements
Bradykinesia
Slowness of movement
Chorea
Irregular, involuntary, rapid jerky movements, usually in the face, limbs, and trunk
Dyskinesia
Abnormal muscle movement including twitchy, jerky, and writhing movements (chorea, tics, tremors)
Dysprosody
Disturbance in the stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech
Parkinsonism
Masklike face, hand tremor, increasing rigidity, slowed voluntary movement
Paresthesia
Altered sensation in the skin that causes numbness or tingling
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces
Tardive Dyskinesia
Repetitive oral and facial grimaces, tongue movements, spasms of the neck and head, jerky movements of the limbs and trunk
Computed Tomography
CT utilizes X-rays to obtain images of horizontal slices of the brain and is used to diagnose tumors, blood clots, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of the brain. It provides clearer images than a CT scan.
Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
When using PET, the individual is injected with a radioactive tracer that is taken up by active brain cells. PET scans provide information on regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and oxygen consumption, which are presumed to correlate with level of neural activity.
Single Proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
SPECT is similar to PET but is easier and less expensive to use but produces less detailed images.
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Functional MRI is similar to MRI but provides information on the brain’s metabolic activity.©2020, AATBS
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
The SNS contains sensory and motor neurons that link the Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The ANS consists of sensory and motor neurons that connect the Central Nervous System muscles of the internal organs and glands.
What is the sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system?
The sympathetic branch mediates the fight-or-flight response and energy output.
What is the parasympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system?
The parasympathetic branch regulates “housekeeping” functions, relaxation and recuperation, and energy conservation.
Medulla
Located in the hindbrain. The medulla controls important reflexes (e.g., coughing and swallowing) and regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital functions.
Cerebellum
Located in the hindbrain. The cerebellum is involved in posture and balance, coordinates voluntary movements, and plays a role in motor learning (e.g., riding a bicycle). Damage can cause ataxia (loss of balance, slurred speech, tremors).
Midbrain
The midbrain includes the reticular formation, which is involved in sleep and wakefulness, motor movements, pain perception, and some reflexes. It contains the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which is responsible for awareness, arousal, and attention.
Hypothalamus
Located in the forebrain. The hypothalamus is involved in hunger and thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions (e.g., physiological reactions associated with fear and rage). It regulates the body’s homeostasis (e.g., temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, weight) through its influence on the ANS and endocrine glands.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Located in the hypothalamus. It controls circadian and seasonal cycles (e.g., immune response, reproductive activity)
Mammillary Bodies
Located in the hypothalamus. They play a role in memory.
Thalamus
Located in the forebrain. The thalamus is the “relay station” for all senses except olfaction. It’s also involved in memory (e.g., damage can produce Korsakoff syndrome, which involves anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation).
Basal Ganglia
Located in the forebrain. The basal ganglia include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. These structures are important in organizing and coordinating voluntary movements. Abnormalities have been linked to Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s disorder, OCD, schizophrenia, and ADHD.
Limbic System
Located in the forebrain. The limbic system is involved in the regulation of motivation and emotions and plays a role in some cognitive abilities.
Amygdala
Part of the limbic system. The amygdala controls emotional reactivity and attaches emotion to memory. Bilateral lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome (reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, altered dietary habits, hypersexuality, psychic blindness). Abnormalities have been linked to anxiety disorders and depression.
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system. The hippocampus is involved in processing spatial, visual, and verbal memories and consolidating declarative memories.A smaller-than-normal hippocampus has been found in some individuals with PTSD and depression.
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe contains (1) theprimary motor cortex; (2) the prefrontal cortex (which is involved in emotions, self-awareness, and executive functioning); and (3) Broca’s area. Damage may cause loss of reflexes and muscle tone and other motor impairments; deficits in higher-order cognitive functions; personality and emotional changes (e.g., pseudodepression or pseudopsychopathy); and Broca’s (expressive) aphasia.
Parietal Lobe
The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex which mediates pressure, temperature, pain, taste, and proprioception. Damage may cause contralateral neglect; apraxia; tactile agnosia; asomatognosia; anosognosia; and Gerstmann’s syndrome.
Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe contains the auditory cortex (which is involved in auditory sensation and perception) and Wernicke’s area. Damage may result in disturbances in auditory sensation and perception (e.g., auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations); impaired declarative memory; and Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia.
Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex which is responsible for visual sensation and perception. Damage can cause disturbances in visual sensation and perception (e.g., prosopagnosia, visual agnosia, color agnosia, cortical blindness).
Left (Dominant) Hemisphere
The left hemisphere controls written and spoken language; verbal memory; logical, rational thought; and positive emotions.
Right (Nondominant) Hemisphere
The right hemisphere is responsible for visual-spatial skills; creative, intuitive thought; nonverbal memory; and negative emotions.
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
Transference of information from short-to long-term memory (memory consolidation)
What roles does the amygdala play in memory?
Attachment of emotion to memories
What roles does the temporal lobe play in memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories
What roles does the prefrontal cortex play in memory?
Short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP
LTP refers to the greater responsivity of a postsynaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation after being barraged by high-frequency stimulation. It was first observed in the hippocampus and is involved in the formation of long-term memories.
Protein synthesis
Long-term memory depends on enhanced protein synthesis during the period following learning. Inhibiting the synthesis of protein (or RNA, which is required for protein synthesis) at the time of learning prevents the formation of long-term memories even when short-term memory is unimpaired.
Language/Aphasia
Damage to language areas of the brain can produce aphasia, which involves impaired language production and/or comprehension.
Broca’s Aphasia
Broca’s (expressive) aphasia involves slow, laborious, nonfluent speech; anomia (an inability to identify familiar people or objects by name); and difficulty repeating phrases. Although people with Broca’s aphasia have trouble producing spoken and written language, their comprehension is only somewhat impaired.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia is characterized by impaired production and comprehension of language; anomia; paraphasia (the substitution of words related in sound or meaning to the intended words); and problems with repetition. The speech of people with this disorder is rapid and seems effortless (fluent) but is largely devoid of content.
Conduction Aphasia
Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area. This disorder does not significantly affect language comprehension or spontaneous language production but does cause anomia and an inability to repeat words or simple phrases.
Global Aphasia
Global aphasia is caused by damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas and other areas in the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. It is characterized by extensive disruption in the ability to produce and understand language.
Stress/General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
- Alarm reaction: The hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla to increase its release of epinephrine. As a result, the body’s glucose level rises and heart and respiration rates accelerate, thereby increasing the body’s energy level.
- Resistance:If stress persists, breathing and heart rate return to normal, but the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH activates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which maintains high blood glucose levels and increases the metabolism of fats and proteins.
- With prolonged stress, the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex lose their ability to maintain elevated hormone levels, and physiological processes begin to break down. Fatigue, depression and illness (e.g., ulcers, essential hypertension), or death may occur.
What are the 5 sleep stages?
During Stage 1sleep, alpha waves are replaced by theta waves. Stage 2sleep is a slightly deeper stage of sleep and is dominated by theta waves. In Stage 3, theta waves begin to be replaced by delta waves. Delta waves dominate during Stage 4, which is also referred to as the deep sleep stage. REM Sleep (Stage 5): The most vivid dreams occur during this stage. Because of the combination of physiological activity and deep sleep, REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep.
During the first 2-3 months of life, infants begin a sleep period with ______ sleep which gradually changes to ______ sleep.
REM sleep gradually changes to non-REM sleep. The sequence begins to reverse by 3 months of age.
How does being an older adult impact sleep?
Older adults awaken more often during the night, spend more time in Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep, and experience a phase shift that involves going to sleep and waking up earlier.
What is a good predictor of recovery from a TBI?
Duration of post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia is a good predictor of recovery.
Postconcussional Disorder
Involves (1) a loss of consciousness, amnesia, or seizures following head trauma; (2) persisting deficits in attention or memory; and (3) three or more symptoms for at least three months (e.g., irritability, fatigue, depression).
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
A “stroke” refers to brain damage caused by an interruption of blood flow. Risk factors include arteriosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”) and hypertension. Symptoms depend on the artery and brain areas involved but often include hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body), contralateral sensory loss, slurred speech, dizziness, and confusion.
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease involving tremor, muscle rigidity, akathesia, bradykinesia, loss of coordination, and, often, cognitive impairment. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine secreting cells in the substantia nigra. Symptoms can be temporarily relieved by L-dopa (a precursor to dopamine).
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease is a fatal inherited disease that produces affective, cognitive, and motor symptoms. Early symptoms include depression and apathy, forgetfulness, and fidgeting; later symptoms include athetosis and chorea. It has been linked to GABA, dopamine, and glutamate abnormalities in the basal ganglia.
Generalized Seizures
Generalized seizures affect both hemispheres from their outset.
Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
Tonic-clonic seizures involve a loss of consciousness and include a tonic stage in which the muscles contract and the body stiffens and a clonic stage that involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs.
Absence (petit mal) seizures
Absence seizures are brief and involve a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms.
Partial Seizures
Partial seizures begin in one side of the brain and, at least initially, affect only one side of the body. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures entail some alteration in consciousness.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter that regulates voluntary movement, sleep-wake cycle, and memory (low levels contribute to memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia). Nicotine exerts its reinforcing effects through its action on nicotinic receptors, one type of ACh receptor.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement and mood. Excessive levels or oversensitivity associated with schizophrenia (“dopamine hypothesis”), Tourette’s disorder, and substance addiction; low levels with depression and Parkinson’s disease.
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter that mediates fight-or-flight response and involved in mania, depression (“catecholamine hypothesis”), and schizophrenia.
Serotonin (5-HT)
A neurotransmitter that regulates hunger and thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, and mood. Elevated levels have been linked with schizophrenia and autism and low levels with depression, suicide, and OCD. Higher-than-normal levels are associated with anorexia and lower-than-normal levels with bulimia.
GABA
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in sleep, eating, seizure, and anxiety disorders and Huntington’s disease.
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter that mediates learning and memory. Excessive levels (“excitotoxicity”) may contribute to seizures, stroke-related damage, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s dementia.
Endorphins
A neurotransmitter that mediates analgesic effects, pleasurable experiences (e.g., “runner’s high”), emotions, learning and memory, and sexual behavior.
Agonists
Produce a response similar to the response produced by a neurotransmitter. Examples: Isoproterenol, morphine
Partial agonists
Produce a response similar to – but less than –the response produced by a neurotransmitter. Examples: buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, nalmefeneand norclozapine
Inverse agonists
Produce a response opposite the response produced by a neurotransmitter. Examples: Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and its associated peptide Agouti Signallingpeptide (ASIP)
Antagonists
Produce no activity in the cell on their own but, instead, reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter. Examples: Naloxone, Flumazenil
Traditional (Conventional) Antipsychotics
Block dopamine receptors. Examples include: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril) and haloperidol (Haldol). Often uysed to treat schizophrenica and other psychotic disorders. Most effective for positive symptoms. Side effects: (1) anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation); (2) extrapyramidal effects (akathesia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia); and (3) neuroleptic malignant syndrome (muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, altered consciousness)
Atypical (Novel) Antipsychotics
Act on receptors for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Examples include clozapine (Clozaril) and risperidone (Risperdal). Typically used to treat positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia; often effective when traditional drugs fail; less likely than traditional antipsychotics to produce tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. Side effects: (1) anticholinergic effects; (2) lowered seizure threshold; (3) sedation; (4) agranulocytosis (blood disease); (5) neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Side Effects of SSRIs
Insomnia, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances; less cardiotoxic and less likely to cause cognitive problems and anticholinergic effects than TCAs
Tricyclics (TCAs)
Block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine. Examples include doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), and clomipramine (Anafranil). Used to treat “typical” depression, OCD, Panic Disorder, enuresis. Side Effects: anticholinergic symptoms, gastrointestinal problems, confusion, memory problems, and sexual dysfunction; cardiotoxic and can be lethal in overdose
MAOIs
Inhibit monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that de-activates dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Examples include phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate). Used to treat “atypical” depression. Side Effects: anticholinergic symptoms, insomnia, headaches, and tremor; when taken in conjunction with certain other drugs (e.g., antihistamines) or foods containing tyramine, can cause a hypertensive crisis
Mood Stabilizers
May affect reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Examples include lithium and anticonvulsant drugs, e.g., carbamazepine (Tegretol) and valproic acid (Depakote). Used for bipolar disorder; anticonvulsant drugs may be effective when lithium is not. Side Effects:for lithium, nausea, polydipsia and polyuria, cognitive impairments, fine hand tremor; for carbamazepine, lethargy, tremor, ataxia, and visual disturbances.
Anxiolytics
Increase GABA levels. Examples include the benzodiazepines, e.g., alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and diazepam (Valium). Used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and tremors. Side Effects: drowsiness and sedation, confusion and disorientation, paradoxical agitation, rebound excitation; addictive with chronic use
Beta-Blockers
Block receptors that respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Examples include propranolol (Inderal). Used to treat hypertension, angina, migraine headaches, glaucoma, and essential tremor; also useful for alleviating the physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g., palpitations, tremor, sweating). Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, memory impairment, and depression
Psychostimulants
Increase the availability norepinephrine and dopamine. Examples include methylphenidate (Ritalin) and pemoline (Cylert). Used to treat ADHD. dysphoria, insomnia, decreased appetite, tics, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms; when growth suppression occurs, it can be alleviated by providing “drug holidays”
Split-Brain Patients
The corpus callosum of these patients was severed as a treatment for severe epilepsy, which has some unusual consequences. For example, when a picture of an object was presented so that it was processed by the right hemisphere only, the patients could not use language to name or describe the object.
James-Lange Theory
Proposes that emotions represent bodily reactions to external stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory
Proposes that bodily and emotional reactions to external stimuli occur simultaneously
Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory
Recognizes the role of physiological arousal and cognitive processes in emotional experience and predicts that the cognitive component includes considering the context in which arousal has occurred
Hypoglycemia
due to higher-than-normal levels of insulin which produce abnormally low blood sugar and is characterized by hunger, headaches, blurred vision, anxiety, depression, and confusion
Diabetes Mellitus
Due to lower-than-normal levels of insulin which produce excessive blood sugar and is characterized by increased thirst and urination excessive hunger with weight loss increased thirst and urination, excessive hunger with weight loss, increased susceptibility to infection, and apathy and confusion
Anti-Alcohol Drugs
Disulfiram (Antabuse): inhibits alcohol metabolism which increases the accumulation of acetaldehyde and produces unpleasant effects that deter drinking. Naltrexone (ReVia): blocks the craving for alcohol and its reinforcing effects. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and joint and muscle pain
Haloperidol acts as a _________ receptor antagonist.
Dopamine
Which of the following areas of the brain produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms?
Pineal gland
What term is defined as “the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and their corresponding psychological sensations”?
Psychophysics
_______ is specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving one finger at a time.
Precentral gyrus
Which structures are included in Papez’s circuit?
Hippocampus, Mammillary Bodies, and Thalamus
Temporal lobe damage causes which of the following?
Receptive Aphasia
The _______ controls the flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain.
Medula
What is directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information?
Afferent Axon
_____ communities have higher rates of hypertension than _____ communities
Black communities have higher rates of hypertension than White communities
“Start low and go slow” is a general rule for which of the following?
Prescribing drugs to older adults
Compared to White individuals, ____________ are more sensitive to side effects of neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, lithium, and some antidepressants.
Asians and African-Americans
___________ is caused by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain.
Hydrocephalus
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is most responsible for:
Muscular contraction
A process where messages within a neuron are transmitted from a neuron’s dendrites to the end of its axon is called:
Conduction
The offspring of someone with Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of developing the disorder.
50%
As the result of an injury, Walter cannot recognize familiar objects by touch. Most likely, Walter has damage to which area of his brain?
Parietal
Which antidepressant is likely to have an initially high sedative effect?
TCA
Gate-Control Theory
The theory states that “closing the gate” to pain signals reduces the pain someone experiences in a certain area.
The most common side effects consistent with lithium use are what?
Polyuria and Polydipsia. Polyuria is a condition where the body urinates more than usual. Polydipsia is an abnormal thirst. Both of these symptoms are the most common side effect of taking lithium.
What is defined as the examination of chromosomes and their abnormalities?
Cytogenetic testing is a type of genetic testing that examines chromosomes and their abnormalities.
What are common side effects of opioid use?
Common symptoms of opioid (narcotic-analgesics) use include constricted pupils, increased perspiration, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression.
Alpha waves
Alpha waves occur when someone is awake, rested, and relaxed.
Beta waves
Beta waves occur when someone is alert and in a fully awake state.
Delta waves
Delta waves occur when someone is in delta sleep.
Theta waves
Theta waves are defined by deep relaxation and light sleep.
How many women of reproductive age are regularly impacted by the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
30-80%
If a split-brain patient is shown a picture of apple pie to their right visual field, what is the patient capable of doing?
Verbally name “apple pie” and point to it with their
right hand
In people who are described as “Type A,” which characteristics are strongly associated with health problems?
Cynicism and Hostility
80 to 85% of individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) are categorized with this subtype.
Most individuals who have MS are diagnosed initially with “relapsing-remitting type,” which has alternating periods of
relapse and remission.
The _____________ states that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber.
The all-or-none law states that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent
on the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus is above the threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will either give a
complete response or no response at all.
Which hormone is most effective in restoring sexual arousal for women following removal of their sex organs and/or after menopause?
Androgen
Which type of neuron is located entirely within the central nervous system?
Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory and/or motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS).
Abrupt cessation of _____________ can produce nightmares and an REM rebound.
Barbiturates
Red-green colorblindness affects ______________.
8-10% of males
Procedural memory is processed by which area of the brain?
Cerebellum
Damage at the _________ level results in paraplegia.
Thoracic
The ________ are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
Which aphasia is characterized by ability to talk but having nothing to say, inability to understand written and spoken language, and ability to produce automatic responses (e.g. singing familiar songs, repeating phrases, etc.)?
This question defines mixed transcortical aphasia. This occurs when Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are both damaged.
Data from the National Health Care Survey indicate that, in general, central nervous system medications are most often prescribed for patients in which of the following ambulatory care
settings?
Primary Care Offices
A person with damage to the hippocampus and adjacent areas in the temporal lobes will most likely demonstrate what?
Inability to form long-term memories about facts and events
Research on the etiology of Tourette’s syndrome has linked it to excessive activity of dopamine receptors in the:
Caudate Nucleus
Tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), and galantamine (Reminyl) exert their beneficial effects on memory for patients with Alzheimer’s dementia by:
Slowing acetylcholine depletion.
The anterior cingulate cortex is believed to be involved in
Emotional reactions to pain
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by:
Muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and stupor
