Lifespan Development Flashcards
Based on empirical research, the best conclusion that can be drawn about the effects of maternal depression on infant development is that children of depressed mothers:
Are at a higher risk for psychopathology and may show symptoms of disturbance as early as three months of age
How is colorblindness passed to children?
On the X chromosome, passed by the mother.
The most prominent risk factor for drug use in adolescence is:
Prior use of gateway drugs
Based on the results of the longitudinal study of married women by Gorchoff and Hebson, the transition to “empty nest” is usually accompanied by:
An increase in marital satisfaction that’s related to quality (but not quantity) of time spent with their partners.
Research investigating the effectiveness of training first-graders in the use of rehearsal strategies has found that:
These children learn to apply rehearsal to the current task, but do not generalize the knowledge
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, emergence of the ability to create mental representations of reality occurs between the ages of:
18 to 24 months
As described by Piaget, the ability of a child to see someone else perform a behavior and subsequently perform that behaviors themselves depends on the development of which ability?
Mental Representation
As described by _____, internalization involved internal reconstruction of an external operation.
Vygotsky
What is a tertiary circular reaction in an infant?
When an infant deliberately varies an action to discover or observe the consequences of that action.
Parents of aggressive children rely on power assertion to enforce their standards. In addition, the discipline of these parents
Is inconsistent and often not clearly linked to the child’s behavior
A child in the preoperational stage of development
Treats objects as symbols of things (e.g., dolls as babies)
When using the Adult Attachment Interview, a mother will be classified as ____ if she describes her parents in positive terms, but either reports negative interactions with her parents or can’t remember any
Dismissing
Soon after birth, infants express the following through facial expressions
Distress, interest, and disgust
How do female and male skeletal growth compare in childhood?
Girls are ahead of boys in terms of skeletal age from birth, which is why girls reach full height before boys.
Children’s understanding of race as a physical, social, and biological category is first evident by what age?
10
In the most famous moral dilemma story presented by Kohlberg, the “_____ dilemma,” participants were presented with a choice between the value of obeying the law and the value of human life.
Heinz
In Ainsworth’s “strange situation,” a one year old shows little distress when her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Most likely, the mother is
Impatient or overstimulating
Metcalfe and Mischel use a “hot/cool” system to explain which of the following?
Delay of gratification
The NICHD has found a positive relationship between the number of hours a young child spends in daycare and the rates of
Disobedience and other behavioral problems
According to Erikson, successful resolution of the final stage of psychosocial development involves what?
Wisdom
According to Kohlberg’s cognitive theory, gender identity development involves three stages that occur in the following order:
Identity, stability, and constancy
Research by Diana Baumrind found that children and adolescents whose parents were _______ in control and _______ in warmth were most likely to be antisocial, use drugs and alcohol, and achieve low scores on cognitive tests.
Low in control and low in warmth
Language and social interactions are the key element in whose theory of cognitive development?
L. Vygotsky
What is the chromosomal makeup of someone with Klinefelter syndrome?
It occurs in males with two or more X chromosomes and a single Y chromosome
What is Turner Syndrome?
It occurs in females and is caused by the presence of only one X chromosome
Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems without other prominent symptoms (e.g., physical defects).
The brain is ___% of its adult weight at birth.
25%
What age does the brain begin to shrink due to atrophy of neurons?
30
What impact does rate of maturation have on boys?
Early maturing boys have more self-confidence and greater popularity but are at higher risk for drug and alcohol use and depression. Late maturing boys have less self-confidence and are also more susceptible to depression.
What impact does rate of maturation have on girls?
Early maturing girls are more likely to exhibit emotional instability or depression, have low self-esteem, use drugs and alcohol, and have academic problems. Late-maturing girls may experience dissatisfaction with their physical appearance but tend to outperform peers in academic achievement.
Piaget’s Constructivist Approach
Piaget’s theory proposes that cognitive development involves a process of adaptation, which consists of assimilation and accommodation
What is assimilation according to Piaget?
When a child applies an existing schema to a new object.
What is accommodation according to Piaget?
Occurs when a child modifies an existing schema to fit a new object
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Sensorimotor (birth - 2years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational (7-12 years)
Formal Operational (12-adulthood)
Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 years. Cognition consists of sensory perceptions and motor actions. Representational (symbolic) thought, deferred imitation, and object permanence are the primary accomplishments.
Preoperational
2-7 years. The use of symbols increases but cognition is limited by egocentrism, centration, irreversibility, and precausal (transductive) reasoning. Magical thinking and animism are manifestations of precausal reasoning.
Concrete Operational
7-12 years. Conservation and other concrete operations that depend on reversibility and decentration emerge. Metacognitive abilities begin to develop.
Formal Operational
12+. The key accomplishment is abstract and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Early formal operational thought involves adolescent egocentrism, which is manifested as the “personal fable” and “imaginary audience”
