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EPPP Study > Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the severity levels of ID based on?

A

Conceptual, social, and practical domains

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2
Q

How long does learning difficulty have to be present for a SLD?

A

At least 6 months.

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3
Q

What areas of the brain frequently have abnormalities in individuals with ASD?

A

Cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus

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4
Q

How long do tics need to be present to diagnose Tourette’s?

A

1 year before the age of 18.

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5
Q

When do the onset of symptoms have to occur for an ADHD diagnosis?

A

Before age 12

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6
Q

What percentage of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms as adults?

A

60% but the manifestation may change (e.g., less motor activity and more inattention)

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7
Q

What is the prevalence rate of ADHD?

A

5%

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8
Q

What is the ratio of male to female children with ADHD?

A

2:1

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9
Q

What brain structures are impacted by ADHD?

A

Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Smaller than normal cerebellum.

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10
Q

What is an idiopathic disorder?

A

A disorder of unknown cause.

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11
Q

What is a psychogenic disorder?

A

Disorders characterized by unwanted movements, such as spasms, shaking or jerks involving any part of the face, neck, trunk or limbs

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12
Q

What is a biogenic disorder?

A

A disorder of natural or genetic causes

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13
Q

What are the negative mood symptoms associated with Schizophrenia?

A

Negative symptoms include restrictions in range and intensity of emotional expression (affective flattening),
restrictions in fluency and productivity of thought and speech (alogia), and restrictions in the initiation of goal-directed
behavior (avolition).

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14
Q

What are the time-based criteria for Schizophrenia?

A

Two or more characteristic symptoms for a least 6 months. At least one month must include active-phase symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms)

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15
Q

Why are Black individuals more likely to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia?

A

It is unknown, but likely due to misdiagnosis and racism.

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16
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

A neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition.

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17
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia?

A

It predicts that Schizophrenia is due to excessive levels of/or oversensitivity to dopamine.

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18
Q

What brain structure abnormalities are linked to Schizophrenia?

A

Enlarged ventricles and hypofrontality (reduced activation or inadequate functioning of the cortex of the frontal lobes of the brain).

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19
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Concurrent psychotic symptoms and symptoms of a manic or major depressive episode with at least two weeks of delusions and hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms.

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20
Q

If one child in a family has Schizophrenia, what is the likelihood that their sibling will develop it? What about their identical twin? What about a fraternal twin?

A

Sibling: 10%
Identical Twin: 50%
Fraternal: 17%

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21
Q

What is Schizophreniform Disorder

A

When symptoms of Schizophrenia last more than one month, but less than six.

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22
Q

What is a hypomanic episode?

A

It has the same symptoms of a manic episode, but does not include impaired functioning, need for hospitalization, or psychotic symptoms. It must last for at least 4 days.

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23
Q

Bipolar I

A

Requires one or more manic episodes
with or without a history of major depressive or hypomanic episodes.

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24
Q

Bipolar II

A

Requires at least one hypomanic
episode and one major depressive episode.

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25
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Requires numerous periods of
hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.

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26
Q

What is prescribed if individuals can’t take lithium for Bipolar Disorder?

A

Valproate, carbamazepine, or an anticonvulsant.

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27
Q

What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy?

A

Therapy that focuses on helping patients resolve interpersonal problems and stabilize daily routines.

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28
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder with peripartum onset?

A

Onset of symptoms during pregnancy or the four weeks following delivery.

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29
Q

What is the catecholamine hypothesis?

A

Theorizes that depression is the result of norepinephrine. More recently, depression has been linked to low levels of seratonin.

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30
Q

What does Seligman’s original learned helplessness model attribute depression to? The 1970 revision? The 1980 revision?

A

Original: Repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events.
1970: Added attribution theory and proposes that depression occurs when negative events are attributed to internal, global, and stable factors.
1980: Negative events and attributions lead to depression only when they contribute to a sense of hopelessness.

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31
Q

What are 3 cognitive errors proposed by Beck?

A
  1. Arbitrary inference (the process of drawing a conclusion without sufficient evidence, or without any evidence at all)
  2. Selective Abstraction (the process of focusing on a detail taken out of context, ignoring other more salient features of the situation, and conceptualizing the whole experience on the basis of this element)
  3. Emotional Reasoning (Disregarding facts and evidence and instead rely on their feelings as facts)
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32
Q

How many situations does a person have to experience marked fear or anxiety to receive a diagnosis of agoraphobia?

A

At least 2/5.

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33
Q

Which brain structures are impacted by OCD?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala thalamus, and basal ganglia

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34
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

A

Does not involve true obsessions or compulsions but is characterized by a pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and interpersonal control

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35
Q

What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

A

When a child is inappropriate and engages in overly familiar verbal and physical behaviors with unfamiliar adults. Symptoms are related to exposure to extreme insufficient care.

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36
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Characterized by signs and symptoms affecting sensory or motor function inconsistent with patterns of known neurologic diseases or other medical conditions and significantly impact the patient’s ability to function.

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37
Q

What are the 3 stages of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  1. Memory loss, difficulty with complex tasks, indifference, sadness, and irritability.
  2. Severe memory problems, disorientation in familiar places, mood swings, and difficulty with normal daily activities.
  3. Severe disorientation, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, incontinence, and need for constant supervision and care.
38
Q

What is alexia?

A

The inability to see words or read.

39
Q

What is apraxia?

A

The inability to perform particular purposive actions.

40
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Distrust and suspiciousness with the belief that the
intentions of others are hostile and malevolent

41
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Detachment from social relationships and a restricted
range of emotional expression

42
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Interpersonal deficits and eccentricities in cognition,
perception, and behavior

43
Q

What percentage of people no longer meet criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder by age 40?

A

75%

44
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors in
a variety of contexts

45
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluations

46
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Excessive need to be taken care of that leads to
submissiveness, clingy behavior, and fear of separation

47
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder in most commonly diagnosed in individuals who are ages

A

19-34

48
Q

What is the ratio of completed suicide for males to females?

A

4:1

49
Q

What is the ratio of attempted suicide for females to males?

A

2-3:1

50
Q

What race is at the highest risk for suicide among most age groups?

A

White people. The exception is Native Americans and Alaskan Natives age 15-34 have a 2.5x higher suicide rate than the national average for that age group.

51
Q

The mean age of onset of motor tics in Tourette’s Disorder is:

A

5-7 years.

52
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been most consistently linked to ______ abnormalities.

A

Melatonin

53
Q

Describe the prevalence rate of OCD by gender and age.

A

In children, the rate is higher for males than females. In adulthood, the rate is about equal for males and females with slightly more females being diagnosed.

54
Q

Gentio-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

Persistent or recurrent difficulties with one or more of the following.
1. Vaginal penetration during intercourse
2. Marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse attempts
3. Marked fear or anxiety about pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of penetration
4. Marked tensing or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during attempted penetration

55
Q

Frotteuristic Disorder

A

Intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing
against a nonconsenting adult as manifested by fantasies, urges, and/or behaviors with a history of acting on the urges with a nonconsenting adult or experiencing significant distress or impaired functioning over a period of at least 6 months

56
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

A memory disorder that results from vitamin B1 deficiency and is associated with alcoholism. It causes problems learning new information, inability to remember recent events, and long-term memory gaps.

57
Q

Marlatt and Gordon’s Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT)

A

Marlatt
and Gordon define addiction as an “overlearned habit pattern.” Their relapse prevention therapy focuses on helping clients identify circumstances that increase the risk for a lapse following abstinence (e.g., situations that elicit strong emotions or expose the individual to alcohol or alcohol related cues) and use strategies that help
prevent future lapses and cope more successfully with them when they occur.

58
Q

In adolescence and adulthood individuals with Tourette’s Disorder, experience a(n) _______ in the frequency and severity of tics.

A

Decrease

59
Q

Common associated features of Schizophrenia include:

A

inappropriate affect, dysphoric mood, disturbed sleep pattern, and lack of interest in eating.

60
Q

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression

A

According to Lewinsohn’s behavioral theory, depression is the result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for adaptive behaviors, which causes extinction of those behaviors as well as pessimism, low self-esteem, social isolation, and dysphoria that, in turn, are reinforced by the sympathy and concern of others.

61
Q

According to the DSM-5, the 12-month prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder in the United States is_____ percent.

A

.6

62
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) involves the presence of excessive anxiety and worry about several events or activities. For the diagnosis, anxiety and worry must involve ____ or more characteristics for adults and ___ or more for children

A

3 for adults and 1 for children

63
Q

Research evaluating the effects of imipramine as a treatment for Enuresis suggests that it is:

A

Less effective than the bell-and-pad in terms of long-term effects.

64
Q

The research suggests that a person with Anorexia Nervosa restricts his or her food intake to alleviate restlessness, anxiety, and obsessive thinking, which may be caused by:

A

Higher-than-normal levels of serotonin.

65
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A

Vivid dreams that occur during the transition from an awake to a sleep state.

66
Q

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

A

Vivid dreams that occur just before waking up

67
Q

Hypersomnolence Disorder

A

Involves excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period of at least seven hours with at least one of the following symptoms: recurrent periods of sleep within the same day, a prolonged but nonrestorative sleep period of more than nine hours each day, difficulty becoming fully awake after an abrupt awakening

The problem occurs at least three times per week, has been present for at least three months, and causes significant distress or impaired functioning

68
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

A

Diagnosis requires evidence by polysomnography of either:

At least five obstructive apneas (total absence of airflow) or hypopneas (reduced airflow) during each hour of sleep plus either Nocturnal breathing disturbances (snoring, gasping, or breathing pauses) or Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or unrefreshing sleep despite opportunities to sleep

15 or more obstructive apneas and/or hypopneas during each hour of sleep regardless of the presence of any other accompanying symptoms

69
Q

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders

A

Essential feature- recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening that usually occur during the first third of the major sleep episode (most often during stage 3 or 4 sleep) and are accompanied by sleepwalking and/or sleep terror (an abrupt arousal from sleep that often begins with a panicky scream and is accompanied by intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal)

The person has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening, and the disturbance causes significant distress or impaired functioning

Specifiers are provided for two subtypes: sleepwalking type and sleep terror type

This disorder occurs most often in children, diminishes in frequency with increasing age, and often remits spontaneously during adolescence

70
Q

To reduce the risk of relapse for a 23-year-old man who has been hospitalized with a diagnosis of
Schizophrenia and who will now be returning home to live with his parents, the best intervention would be:

A

Family therapy plus pharmacotherapy

71
Q

Cataplexy

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone. Can be associated with narcolepsy

72
Q

Dysphoria, vivid and frightening dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, psychomotor agitation
or retardation, and increased appetite are most suggestive of __________ Withdrawal.

A

Stimulant

73
Q

Moffitt (1993) attributes the adolescent-limited type of Conduct Disorder to which of the following?

A

Moffitt (1993) distinguishes between two types of Conduct Disorder: life-course-persistent and adolescent-limited.
Moffitt describes the adolescent-limited type of Conduct Disorder as a temporary form of antisocial behavior that
reflects a “maturity gap” between the adolescent’s biological maturity and his or her social maturity.

74
Q

Delusion of Reference

A

When an individual believes that events, objects, or other people in the immediate environment have unusual or particular significance for him or her.

75
Q

Regarding Schizophrenia, expressed emotion has been linked to:

A

a high risk for relapse. Expressed emotion refers to the attitudes and behaviors that family members express toward a patient who has been diagnosed with Schizophrenia (or other disorder). The family’s expressed emotion is an important factor during the recovery process for patients with symptoms of Schizophrenia. A high degree of negative expressed emotion (which involves hostility and criticism or emotional over-involvement) is associated with an increased risk for relapse.

76
Q

Otitis Media

A

An infection of the middle ear. It can cause hearing loss and speech and language problems and has been linked to reading and other learning disorders.

77
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Characterized by apparently purposeful travel or wandering that is associated with an inability to recall one’s past.

78
Q

Dissociative Amnesia most commonly involves:

A

Retrospective gaps in memory. It is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information that is often related to a traumatic event.

79
Q

Cataplexy is triggered by

A

strong emotion

80
Q

In prepubertal children, Major Depressive Disorder is:

A

about equally common in boys and girls

81
Q

Which of the following drugs is most likely to be prescribed to alleviate the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

A drug that blocks serotonin reuptake. Research results indicate that antidepressant medications that block the reuptake of serotonin are effective for temporary relief of OCD symptoms. Since the discontinuation of these drugs typically results in the return of symptoms, they are typically used in combination with other interventions.

82
Q

Perceptual Distortions

A

Depersonalization and Derealization

83
Q

Orgasmic reconditioning is considered to be an effective treatment for which of the following
disorders?

A

Orgasmic reconditioning was developed based on the assumption that orgasm reinforces sexual fantasies, and it is
used to replace the stimuli that produce an organism. It is one of the techniques used to treat Paraphilic Disorders and
involves having the individual replace an unacceptable sexual fantasy with a more acceptable one while
masturbating.

84
Q

Many individuals with Major Depressive Disorder have EEG abnormalities during sleep that include
which of the following?

A

Decreased REM latency

85
Q

An individual diagnosed with Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease has excess neurofibrillary tangles in the:

A

Hippocampus

86
Q

A DSM-5 diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder requires an onset of symptoms prior
to ___ years of age.

A

10

87
Q

Various studies have also demonstrated that about
_____ percent of people who are diagnosed with GAD have a comorbid psychiatric disorder.

A

80-90%

88
Q

The most frequent co-diagnosis for children with a learning disorder is ADHD, with approximately _____% of children with a learning disorder also receiving the latter diagnosis.

A

20-30%

89
Q

The use of Haloperidol or other dopamine blocking agent for the treatment of Tourette’s Disorder:

A

Can be problematic in many cases because of the severe side effects of these drugs.

90
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal approach to psychiatry identifies _____ as the primary cause of psychopathology.

A

Excessive Anxiety

91
Q

On a measure that assesses the “Big Five” personality factors, a high score on neuroticism, a low score on agreeableness, and a low score on conscientiousness are most likely to be obtained by a person with______ Personality Disorder.

A

Antisocial

92
Q

As described in the DSM-5, the characteristic symptoms of Substance Use Disorder can be categorized in terms of which of the following?

A

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria

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