Learning Theory

Question 1

In classical conditioning, ____ occurs when human or animals subjects are unable to form an association between a new neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus because the new neutral stimulus provides redundant information (i.e. it provides the same information as the original conditioned stimulus).

Answer 1

Blocking

Question 2

The phenomenon known as “spontaneous recovery” confirms the hypothesis that the loss of a conditioned response represents which of the following?

Answer 2

Inhibition

Question 3

Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) levels of processing model of memory:

Answer 3

implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.

Question 4

Beck’s Cognitive Triad

Answer 4

The triad refers to thoughts about self, world, and future. In all the three instances, depressed individuals tend to have negative views.

Question 5

Triesman and Gelade’s (1980) feature integration theory would be of most interest to a psychologist conducting research on:

Answer 5

Visual Attention

Question 6

According to Yerkes-Dodson law, learning and performance are maximized when:

Answer 6

Level of arousal is moderate

Question 7

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 7

Involves using classical conditioning to replace an undesirable response with an incompatible response.

Question 8

Research on primacy and recency effects has shown that:

Answer 8

Specifically, the research has shown that, as the delay between study and recall increases, memory for the last item in a list decreases but memory for the first item increases – i.e., there is a shift from a recency effect to a primacy effect.

Question 9

Bandura’s social learning theory posits that:

Answer 9

Bandura distinguished between learning and performance and proposed that people can learn(acquire) behaviors without actually performing them but by observing others perform the behavior.

Question 10

Skinner

Answer 10

Skinner believed that behavior is determined by the consequences that follow it and that, when a behavior is reinforced, it increases. According to the principles of Skinner’s operant conditioning, clearly linking reinforcement to performance of the behavior (e.g., by providing reinforcement immediately after the behavior) is one way to maximize the effectiveness of reinforcement.

Question 11

From the perspective of Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy, the modification of maladaptive cognitions requires which of the following?

Answer 11

The experience of affective arousal

Question 12

Ellis

Answer 12

Ellis’s assumption that all disorders can be attributed to the same set of irrational beliefs is considered by some to be a shortcoming of his approach.

Question 13

Self-Instructional Training

Answer 13

Self-instructional training is a cognitive-behavioral technique that is used to teach people to make positive and helpful self-statements when they encounter problematic situations. Although it has subsequently been used to treat a variety of disorders, self-instructional training was originally described by Meichenbaum and Goodman as a method for helping children learn to control their impulsive behaviors

Question 14

Edward Tolman is best known for his research on ________ learning.

Answer 14

Latent

Question 15

In his studies on memory and forgetting, Ebbinghaus:

Answer 15

Used himself as the research subject

Question 16

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 16

Higher-order conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus also elicits the conditioned response.

Question 17

According to the levels of processing model of memory, words and other information may been coded at different levels, with _______ processing being the deepest level.

Answer 17

Semantic

Question 18

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 18

A discriminative stimulus (SD) is an environmental event or condition that signals that reinforcement (or punishment) is contingent on the performance of a particular response.

Question 19

Prospective memory

Answer 19

Remember to remember

Question 20

Images and sounds are maintained in sensory memory for:

Answer 20

Less than 5 seconds

Question 21

Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 21

Based on the assumption that behavioral and emotional reactions to events are due to beliefs about those events rather than to the events themselves. Ellis depicts the relationship between antecedent events, beliefs about those events, and reactions to those events in terms of an A-B-C model, where A represents the antecedent event, B represents beliefs about the event, and C represents the behavioral or emotional consequence of the beliefs.

Question 22

Keyword Method

Answer 22

The keyword method is a mnemonic device that involves forming an image that links two words. For example, to remember that “Ranidae” is the scientific term for common frogs, you might create an image of a frog sitting in the rain under an umbrella.

Question 23

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 23

In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when the individual responds to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) with a conditioned response (CR).