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Electrotherapy > Physiological Properties Of Thermal Effects > Flashcards

Physiological Properties Of Thermal Effects Flashcards

1
Q

What is Thermotherapy

A

Application of heat source (thermal agent) over skin surface areas for the purpose of heating SUPERFICIAL and DEEP soft tissues

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2
Q

Thermotherapy is rested on heat transfer from the _________ to the _____________________

A

Thermal agent
Biological tissue

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3
Q

Two types of heat produced and how they are delivered

A

1- Moist heat
- hot packs
- paraffin baths

2- Dry heat
- fluidotherapy
- SWD (short wave)
- US (ultrasound)

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4
Q

Thermotherapy has been classified as

A

1- superficial Thermotherapy
2- deep Thermotherapy

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5
Q

Difference between superficial and deep Thermotherapy

A

Superficial : heating of soft tissue located within 1 cm from skin surface

Deep: heating of soft tissue deeper than 1 cm from skin surface

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6
Q

What is thermodynamics

A

Branch of physics concerned with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy

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7
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A

First law - energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes from one form to another or transfers from one object to another

Second law- heat energy transfer occurs in ONE direction (warmest to coolest)

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8
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics also called

A

Law of conservation of energy

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9
Q

Which thermodynamic law is the law of conservation of energy

A

First law

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10
Q

What is heat

A

Heat is a form of energy. It is the total kinetic energy or molecular motion of a substance

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11
Q

Heat is interchangeable with other forms of energy such as ….

A

Electrical energy
Mechanical energy

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12
Q

The greater the molecular motion of a substance, the ________ heat it contains

A

More

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13
Q

_________ is a unit of heat

A

Calorie

It says in the slides “heat unit is calorie” but im pretty sure the SI unit for heat is Joules ….

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14
Q

What are thermophysical properties

A

Specific heat capacity (C)
Thermal conductivity (K)

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15
Q

What is specific heat capacity (C)

A

The amount of heat energy (in calories) required to increase the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 C.

It is the ability of a substance to store heat

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16
Q

Unit of specific heat capacity

A

Cal/gC

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17
Q

The higher the specific heat capacity of a substance, the __________ its capacity to store heat

A

Higher

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18
Q

What is thermal conductivity (K)

A

The heat needed to increase the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C

The ability of a substance to conduct heat

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19
Q

The higher the thermal conductivity of a substance, the _______ its ability to conduct heat.

A

Better

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20
Q

Why must jewelry be removed during Thermotherapy ?

A

Metal and carbon are great conductors due to their high thermal conductivity and high specific heat capacity

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21
Q

Why should we be careful when using Thermotherapy on obese patients ?

A

Because subcutaneous fat absorbs and stores heat well (good specific heat capacity)

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22
Q
A
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23
Q
A

The specific heat of wax (0.45) < of water (1.0) and the thermal conductivity of wax (0.59) < of water (1.42)

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24
Q

Modes of heat transfer

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

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25
Q

What is conduction

A

Heat transferred by physical contact between two solid substances of different temperature

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26
Q

Conduction occurs from the __________ to the _________ substance

A

Warmest
Coldest

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27
Q

Thermotherapy examples of conduction

A

Hot packs
Paraffin wax
Cold packs (cryotherapy)

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28
Q

Guidelines for heat transfer by conduction

A
  1. The GREATER the temperature difference between agent and body part = the FASTER the rate of heat transfer
  2. Materials with HIGH thermal conductivity = transfer heat FASTER than those with lower conductivity
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29
Q

What is convection

A

Transfer of heat through fluid or gas caused by its molecular motion

It occurs through physical contact between a gas or fluid medium and a solid substance both at different temperatures

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30
Q

Heat transfer by circulation of a medium of a different temperature is ……⁣⁣⁣⁣⁣

A

Convection

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31
Q

Examples of convection

A

Fluidotherapy
Hydrotherapy

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32
Q

Boiling water is what form of heat transfer

A

Convection

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33
Q

What is radiation

A

DIRECT transfer of heat energy in space between the emitting source at one temperature and the absorbing medium at a different temperature

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34
Q

Examples of radiation

A

UV (ultraviolet)
SWD (short wave)
LLLT (low level laser therapy)

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35
Q

Rate of temperature increase by radiation depends on:

A
  • intensity of radiation
  • side of radiation source
  • distance
  • angle of radiation source
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36
Q

Cosine and inverse square laws refers to the ……⁣⁣⁣⁣⁣

A

Angle of radiation source

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37
Q

What type of mode of heat transfer is this

A

Radiation

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38
Q

What is evaporation

A

The transformation of a material from a liquid to a gas

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39
Q

Example of evaporation

A

Vapocoolant sprays

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40
Q

What is temperature

A

The measure of the level of heat

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41
Q

The great the amount of heat in a substance = the ___________ its temperature

A

Higher

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42
Q

Temperature is measured by which scales

A

Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)

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43
Q

0 Celsius = ? Fahrenheit

A

0 C = 32 F

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44
Q

100 Celsius = ? Fahrenheit

A

100 C = 212 F

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45
Q

What is the unit of temperature

A

Kelvin (K)

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46
Q

0 Celsius = ? Kelvin

A

0 C = 273.2 K

47
Q

100 Celsius = ? Kelvin

A

100 C = 373.2 K

48
Q

Two compartments for body temperature

A

The core compartment
- controlled by the physiological mechanisms at constant level
- around 37 C but even more in organs

The shell/ superficial layer
- subject to much greater variations in temperature

49
Q

The temperature of the shell/ superficial layer varies according to:

A
  • core temperature
  • external environment
50
Q

How to take body temperature measurement

A

Thermometers

51
Q

What is skin thermal discrimination test

A
52
Q

Ruffini and Krause’s bulb

A

Receptors sensitive to heat and cold information from skin and deep tissues

53
Q

Role of hypothalamus involving temperature

A

It monitors heat balance of body and prevents any deviation of core temperature

54
Q

Which center is for heat loss

A

Pre-optic center

55
Q

Which center is for heat gain

A

Post-optic

56
Q

Pre-optic center

A

Heat loss

57
Q

Post-optic center

A

Heat gain

58
Q

Physical effects of heat

A
  • increases kinetic energy of molecules
  • increase expansion of materials
  • change in physical state of material
  • acceleration of chemical reactions
  • reduction in viscosity of fluids
59
Q

Why does heat cause expansion of materials

A

The increase in kinetic energy causes an increase in vibration of molecules

60
Q

Changing substance from one physical state to another requires a specific amount of heat energy

This heat energy is called

A

Latent heat

61
Q

Heat causes acceleration of chemical reactions.
What law states this?

A

Van’t Hoff’s Law : any chemical reaction capable of being accelerated is accelerated by a rise in temperature

62
Q

Thermophysiological effects of heat

A
  1. Haemodynamic effects
    - vasodilation
    - increased metabolic rate
  2. Neuromuscular effects
    - increased nerve conduction velocity and firing rate
    - increased pain threshold
    - decreased muscle spasm
  3. Altered tissue extensibility
    - increase collagen extensibility
63
Q

What does heat do to blood

A

Lowers the viscosity and increases blood flow along with vasodilation

64
Q

Why does heat increase metabolic rate

A
  • increases rate of chemical reaction / enzyme activity
  • increases rate of cellular biochemical reaction (phagocytosis and growth)
  • increases oxygen uptake
  • increases tissue healing
65
Q

How does heat increase the pain threshold thus reducing pain?

A

Directly through gating

This is based on the Gate Control Theory of Pain, which suggests that there is a gating system in the CNS that opens and closes to let pain messages through the brain or block them.

66
Q

How does heat decrease muscle spasm

A

Decrease alpha and gamma motor neuron activity

67
Q

How does heat increase collagen extensibility

A

Changes organization and viscoelasticity of collagen fibers

68
Q

Therapeutic effects of superficial heating

A
  1. Pain control
  2. Increased ROM and decreased joint stiffness
  3. Accelerates healing
69
Q

How does heat control pain

A

Directly through gating

Indirect due to improve healing (reducing muscle spasm)

70
Q

Explain how gating reduces pain

A

Stimulation of heat receptors and vascular changes will wash out pain provoking metabolites

71
Q

Heating is not recommended for

A

Acute inflammation

72
Q

How does heat increase ROM and decrease stiffness

A
  • Increase collagen extensibility
  • analgesic effect
  • decreases joint viscosity
  • increases tissue elasticity
73
Q

What to use for superficial stretching

A

Hot pack
Paraffin wax
IR (infrared therapy)

74
Q

For deep stretching use :

A

Ultrasound
Short wave SWD

75
Q

How does heat accelerate healing

A

-Increases circulation (provides oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products)

-Increases enzymatic activity

-Increases metabolic rate

76
Q

Target temperature window

A

40 C to 45 C

(104 F to 113 F)

77
Q

Above 45 C, what will occur

A

Tissue damage

78
Q

Below 40 C , what will occur

A

Mild physiologic response

79
Q

Heat gain in tissue depends on:

A

-Body area
-Thickness of subcutaneous fat
-Magnitude of heat dosage
-Treatment duration

80
Q

Keep this in mind:

Fat has high specific heat capacity, it holds the heat and acts as a barrier and prevents heat from reaching deep tissues, affecting heat gain.

A

Got it?

81
Q

Methods of application of superficial heating

A

Paraffin wax
Hot pack
Hydrotherapy
Fluidotherapy
Infrared
Counterirritants

82
Q

What is paraffin wax used to treat

A

Distal parts of the upper and lower extremities

83
Q

Melting point of wax is

A

54 C (130 F)

84
Q

Why is mineral oil used for paraffin wax

A

To add moisture to the treated area

85
Q

The paraffin mixture temperature is maintained in a thermoregulated bath with temperatures ranging between …⁣⁣⁣⁣⁣

A

51 C to 54 C

(124 F -129 F)

86
Q

First layer of paraffin wax acts as an ______________ to prevent _____________.

A

Insulator
Heat loss

87
Q

Recommended application duration of paraffin wax is

A

30 minutes

88
Q

Methods of application of wax

A

Dipping with wrapping
Dipping with continuous Emerson
Brushing with wrapping

89
Q

Why do hotpacks come in different sizes and shapes

A

To accommodate different parts of the human body

90
Q

Hotpacks are heated in a thermoregulated unit called :

A

Hydrocollators

91
Q

Temperature in hydrocollators range between

A

71 C to 74 C

92
Q

What is important during the application of a hot pack

A

A coupling medium of layers of toweling is used between the hotpack and the skin surface .

A thick commercial cloth cover may also be used

93
Q

Why should you never apply hot packs directly over the skin surface ?

A

Their high heat content can easily burn skin

94
Q

Recommended duration for hotpack

A

20 minutes

95
Q

How many minutes should the hot pack be heated before uses

A

30 minutes

96
Q

True or false
Hot pack size should be as large as the tissue area under the treatment

A

True

97
Q

General Contraindications of paraffin wax and hot packs

A
  • confused or unreliable patients
  • cardiac pacemaker, cardiac insufficiency
  • over acute and severe inflammatory pathology
  • over thrombophlebitic area
  • fever
  • over cancerous area
98
Q

Why is confusion / impaired mentation a general contraindication?

A

Risk of complications during therapy, reducing treatment effectiveness

99
Q

Why is acute and severe inflammatory pathology a general contraindication

A

Risk of worsening the condition by aggravating the inflammatory response through increased blood flow resulting from heat application

100
Q

Why is a thrombophlebitic Area a general contraindication

A

Risk of dislodging blood clot, which may then circulate into the vessels of vital organs, causing serious circulatory problems, and possibly death

101
Q

Why is fever a general contraindication

A

Risk of adverse reactions 

102
Q

Why is cancer a general contraindication

A

Risk of enhancing tumor growth and metastasis

103
Q

What are LOCAL contraindications

A

Impaired sensation
Over the abdominal, pelvic, and low back areas of pregnant women
Over hemorrhagic area
Closed and open wounds including grafted or burned wounds
Impaired blood circulation
Metal implants

104
Q

Why is impaired sensation a local contraindication

A

Risk of cutaneous burn

105
Q

Why are the abdominal, pelvic, and low back areas of a pregnant woman a local contraindication

A

Risk of affect on fetal development and growth caused by increased local and systemic maternal body temperature

106
Q

Why is a hemorrhagic area a local contraindication

A

Risk of additional bleeding caused by increased blood flow

107
Q

Why are wounds a local contraindication

A

Risk of breaking down immature burn scars and grafts

108
Q

Why is impaired blood circulation a local contraindication

A

Risk of tissue overheating

109
Q

Why are metal implants a local contraindication

A

May cause internal soft tissue burn due to the high conductivity and specific heat capacity of metals

110
Q

What are counterirritants

A

Topically applied ointment that chemically stimulates thermal receptors in the skin which produces sensation of heat or cold

111
Q

What are counter irritants composed of

A

Methanol, methylsalicylate, capsaicin

112
Q

Purpose of counter irritants

A

Relieve pain from strains and sprains and increase range of motion

113
Q

How are counterirritants applied

A

With massaging and vigorous rubbing until no ointment is visible

114
Q

Revise this

A

Electrotherapy (6 decks)

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