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Anatomy & Physiology > Physiological Processes > Flashcards

Physiological Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What type of sugar is released when food is digested in the stomach?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

Where is glucose absorbed?

A

Absorbed by the intestines and transported through the blood

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3
Q

What are the body cells use glucose for?

A

Energy

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4
Q

Where in the body is the stomach located?

A

In the cranial abdomen

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5
Q

What structure comes before the stomach in the digestive system?

A

The oesophagus

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6
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

The stomach breaks up food and mix it with gastric juices to aid in digestion

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7
Q

What is movement of the stomach called?

A

Peristalsis

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8
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Moves food around and pushes it through to the intestines

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9
Q

What adaptation does stomach have to protect it from gastric acid?

A

Cells in the stomach produce mucus which coats the stomach wall

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10
Q

What is the scientific name for the small intestine?

A

The duodenum

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11
Q

What is the pancreas and where is it located?

A

The pancreas is a type of gland located in the abdominal cavity, attached to the digestive tract

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12
Q

What is the pancreas do?

A

It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and secretes hormones into the blood

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13
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Producing and releasing pancreatic juice into the small intestines while eating occurs

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14
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

To release insulin, glucagon and somatostatin in response to blood glucose levels

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15
Q

From what cells of the pancreas are hormones produced?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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16
Q

What type of cells release insulin from the pancreas?

A

Beta cells

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17
Q

What type of cells release glucagon from the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells

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18
Q

What type of cells release somatostatin for the pancreas?

A

Delta cells

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19
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

The liver and it is made up of lobes

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20
Q

In what circumstances would glucose levels decrease?

A

If you hadn’t eaten in a while

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21
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In the cranial abdomen, next to the diaphragm

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22
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Fat metabolism
  • Forming bile for digestion
  • Destroying old red blood cells
  • Vitamin and iron storage
  • Detoxification
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23
Q

What is the role of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits the release of both glucagon and insulin to stop large fluctuations in blood glucose

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24
Q

What structures are associated with the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
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25
Q

What structures are associated with the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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26
Q

From where does air enter the respiratory system?

A

The nostrils/external nares

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27
Q

Where do the nostrils/external nares lead to?

A

The nasal cavity

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28
Q

How many chambers does the nasal cavity divide into?

A

Two chambers

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29
Q

What are the scrolls of bone found in the nasal chambers called?

A

Turbinates

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30
Q

What are the turbinates covered in?

A

Epithelium

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31
Q

What do turbinates do?

A

Warm and moisten incoming air

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32
Q

What features of the nasal passage aid in protecting the lungs?

A

Cilia and mucous trap particles in the air

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33
Q

Where does air travel to after the nasal cavity?

A

The pharynx

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34
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Region at the back of the mouth

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35
Q

What two systems share the pharynx?

A

The digestive and respiratory systems

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36
Q

Where does air flow to after the pharynx?

A

The larynx

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37
Q

What is the function of the larynx and how does it do this?

A

It prevents anything other than air from entering the lungs by the epiglottis which closes over the larynx during swallowing

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38
Q

What is the larynx made up of?

A

Cartilage

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39
Q

How does the larynx bring about sound?

A

Vocal ligaments

40
Q

Where does air enter after the larynx?

A

The trachea

41
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Extends the entire length of the neck and enters the thoracic inlet

42
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A

Cartilage rings

43
Q

Why is the trachea made up of cartilage rings?

A

To allow movement while keeping the trachea open at all times

44
Q

What two structures does the trachea divide into?

A

The left and right bronchi

45
Q

What are the walls of the bronchus made up of?

A

Cartilage rings

46
Q

What are the tubes that bronchi divide into called?

A

Bronchiloes

47
Q

What type of walls do bronchioles have?

A

Smooth muscle wals

48
Q

Describe alveoli

A

Sac-like structures, surrounded by capillaries

49
Q

Are the membranes surrounding alveoli thick or thin? Why?

A

Thin- Allows gaseous exchange

50
Q

How many alveoli are in each lung?

A

Millions

51
Q

What are the three main lobes of the lungs in cats and dogs?

A
  • Cranial lobe
  • Middle (cardiac) lobe
  • Caudal lobe
52
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung have a dog?

A

Three

53
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung have a dog?

A

Four

54
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung of a horse?

A

Two

55
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung of a horse?

A

Three

56
Q

What is extra lobe on the right lung known as?

A

The accessory lobe

57
Q

What is each lung covered in?

A

Pulmonary pleura

58
Q

What separates the pulmonary pleura from the parental pleura?

A

Pleural space

59
Q

What does pleural space contain?

A

A vacuum

60
Q

What is the technical name for breathing in or inhalation?

A

Inspiration

61
Q

What contracts during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs

62
Q

What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

It increases

63
Q

What happens to pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

A

It decreases

64
Q

What is the technical name for breathing out or exhalation?

A

Expiration

65
Q

What is the process of expiration classified as?

A

A passive process because no muscles contract, they just relax

66
Q

What happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

It decreases

67
Q

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?

A

It increases

68
Q

From what pressure gradient will air always move during breathing?

A

From high-pressure to low-pressure

69
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • To transport inspired air to the alveoli for gaseous exchange
  • To transport expired air out of the body
70
Q

Why the millions of alveoli in the lungs?

A

To provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange

71
Q

What in the alveoli does oxygen defuses across when breathed in?

A

The pulmonary membrane

72
Q

 What do gases are exchanged in the blood?

A

Oxygen is exchange for carbon dioxide

73
Q

Where are the respiratory centre is located?

A

Within the pons and medulla of the hindbrain

74
Q

What does the inspiratory centre do?

A

Controls inspiration

75
Q

What does the expiratory centre do?

A

Controls expiration

76
Q

What controls the rate and depth of respiration?

A

Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

77
Q

Where can stretch receptors be found?

A

Within the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

78
Q

What do the stretch receptors do?

A

When the lungs are full of air, they send a message to the inspiratory centre to stop inspiring and start expiring

79
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Measures pH and oxygen levels

80
Q

Where can chemoreceptors be found peripherally?

A

In the walls of the aorta and carotid artery

81
Q

Where can chemoreceptors be found centrally?

A

In the medulla of the brain

82
Q

What do high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood do to the pH?

A

It lowers the pH making the blood more acidic

83
Q

What happens if high levels of carbon dioxide are detected in the blood (For example; during exercise)?

A

Chemoreceptors increase the rate and depth of breathing so the CO2 is breathed out

84
Q

What are respiratory rates used for?

A

To establish the number of breaths that an animal takes per minute

85
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a cat?

A

20 to 30 breaths per minute

86
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a dog?

A

10 to 30 breaths per minute

87
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a rabbit?

A

30 to 60 breaths per minute

88
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a mouse?

A

100 to 250 breaths per minute

89
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a horse?

A

8 to 20 breaths per minute

90
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for an African parrot?

A

15 to 45 breaths per minute

91
Q

What is normal respiratory rate for a cornsnake?

A

6 to 10 breaths per minute

92
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The total volume of air in the lungs

93
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air breathed in or out and one normal breath

94
Q

What is functional residual volume?

A

The volume of a left in the lungs after one normal breath

95
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs

96
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of a left in the lungs after forced expiration

97
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

The volume of air that does not reach the alveoli

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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