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Anatomy & Physiology > Blood Physiology > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

 how much blood does the average dog have in its body?

A

1.8 litres

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2
Q

How much blood does the average cat have within its body? 

A

300 mls

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3
Q

How many litres of blood does the average horse have with its body?

A

50 litres

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4
Q

Up to what percentage of blood can a healthy animal donate?

A

20%

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5
Q

What type of blood do arteries transport around the body?

A

Oxygenated

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6
Q

Why do arteries have thick vessel walls?

A

Arteries are designed to withstand the high pressure of blood from the heart

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7
Q

Why do arteries have smooth muscle walls?

A

The smooth muscle controls the diameterof the artery and regulates the flow of blood to different organs

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8
Q

Why do arteries not require valves to control blood flow?

A

Due to the presence of elastic tissue and muscle

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9
Q

What is the correct name for the smallest arteries?

A

Arterioles

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10
Q

What type of blood do veins transport around the body?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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11
Q

What is the common use of veins in a veterinary practice?

A

Collecting blood samples

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12
Q

What is a result of veins having thinner walls?

A

Veins collapse in on themselves rather than holding their shape

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13
Q

 Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

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14
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

VenuIes

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15
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small, thin-walled, permeable vessels

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16
Q

What are the walls of the capillaries made out of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells

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17
Q

What is blood?

A

The life-maintaining fluid that circulates the body

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18
Q

What two parts make up blood?

A
  • Fluid part

- Cellular part

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19
Q

What makes up the fluid part of blood?

A

Plasma

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20
Q

What makes up the cellular part of blood?

A

Blood cells

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21
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

90%

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22
Q

What components make up plasma?

A
  • Water

- Plasma proteins

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23
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

Help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

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24
Q

Name four different plasma proteins?

A
  • Albumin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Prothrombin
  • Immunoglobulins
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25
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

In the liver

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26
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Helps to maintain the osmotic concentration of the blood

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27
Q

Where is fibrinogen and prothrombin produced?

A

In the liver

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28
Q

What is fibrinogen and prothrombin involved in?

A

Involved in the clotting mechanism

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29
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies produced by the immune system

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30
Q

What other substances does plasma transport?

A
  • Electrolytes
  • Gases
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products
  • Hormones
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31
Q

What electrolytes are transported through plasma?

A

-Sodium

  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Chloride 
  • Bicarbonate ions
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32
Q

What gases are transported through plasma?

A
  • Oxygen

- Carbon dioxide

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33
Q

What nutrients are transported through plasma?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Glucose
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34
Q

What waste products are transported through plasma?

A
  • Urea

- Creatinine

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35
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma with the clotting factors fibrinogen and prothrombin removed

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36
Q

What is the technical name for white blood cells?

A

Leucocytes

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37
Q

What is the technical name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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38
Q

What is the technical name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes 

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39
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The process by which all blood cells are produced from the bone marrow

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40
Q

Where is bone marrow produced?

A
  • Long bones
  • Pelvis
  • Sternum
  • Skull 
41
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Process where are red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

42
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A

To stimulate the production of red blood cells

43
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

The kidney

44
Q

What happens as a red blood cell develops?

A
  • The nucleus condenses and is present until the red blood cell becomes a reticulocyte
  • Then becomes fine threads known as Howell-Joly bodies
  • Eventually the nucleus disappears and the mature erythrocyte is released into circulation
45
Q

What is the most predominant type of blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes 

46
Q

Why are red blood cells red?

A

They contain haemoglobin which is required to carry oxygen

47
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A complex protein containing iron

48
Q

How long do erythrocytes survive in circulation?

A

Approximately 120 days

49
Q

What is the role of the spleen in circulation?

A

Removes damaged or dead cells from circulation

50
Q

What are leucocytes involved in?

A
  • Immune response
  • Fighting infection
  • Producing antibodies
51
Q

What are the two types of leucocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

52
Q

What are the three different types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils 
53
Q

What are the two different types of agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

54
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

A

70%

55
Q

What percent of white blood cells are basophils?

A

1%

56
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

57
Q

What is the largest type of white blood cell?

A

Monosites

58
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments formed in the bone marrow

59
Q

Where do platelets originate from?

A

Originate from a giant cell known as a megakaryocyte in the bone marrow

60
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

Approximately 10 days

61
Q

What are platelets involved in?

A

The clotting mechanism

62
Q

Why are blood clots important?

A

To prevent excessive blood loss

63
Q

What is heparin and what does it do?

A
  • The bodies own natural anticoagulant

- Prevents unwanted clots forming in the blood vessels

64
Q

What is the normal clotting time?

A

3-5 minutes

65
Q

What vitamin is required to produce clotting factors and prothrombin?

A

Vitamin K

66
Q

Explain the clotting mechanism

A

-Platelets stick to each other and to the damaged vessel to form a seal
-Platelets release thromboplastin
-Thromboplastin and calcium ions convert prothrombin into thrombin
-Thrombin convert fibrinogen into fibrin
-Fibrin fibres form a network across the damaged area that traps blood cells and forms a clot
-This seal is the vessel with a scab


67
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pumps blood around the body and blood vessels

68
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity

69
Q

What is the heart enclosed within?

A

The pericardium sac

70
Q

What are the three layers to the wall of the heart?

A
  • Endocardium (Innermost)
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium (Outermost)
71
Q

What is the main artery of the heart?

A

The aorta

72
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart

73
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the atria and ventricles

74
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation of the atria and ventricles

75
Q

What is the correct term for the hearts ability to contract rhythmically and automatically without nervous input?

A

Inherent contractibility

76
Q

Why is it important nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system can override the inherent contractibility rate?

A

The heart must be able to alter its rate rapidly in order to satisfy the changing requirements of the body

77
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

The mechanism responsible for initiating and coordinating the heartbeat

78
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

A measurement of the force that pushes blood through the arterial circulation

79
Q

What is blood pressure influenced by?

A
  • The heartbeat
  • Blood volume
  • Elasticity of the blood vessel walls
80
Q

When is blood pressure at its highest?

A

During systole 

81
Q

When is blood pressure at its lowest?

A

During diastole

82
Q

How is blood pressure measured within the body?

A

Via baroreceptors in the aorta/carotid arteries

83
Q

What happens if blood pressure is too high in the body?

A

Baroreceptors tells the heart via the autonomic nerves to reduce rate and contractibility

84
Q

What happens if blood pressure is too low in the body?

A

Baroreceptors tells the heart via the autonomic nerves to increase rate and contractibility

85
Q

What is renin?

A

A hormone produced by the kidney in response to low blood pressure

86
Q

What does renin do?

A

Promotes the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

87
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increases water absorption from the kidney nephrons meaning less water is lost in the urine

88
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

89
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The pituitary gland

90
Q

Why is ADH released?

A

Released in response to low blood pressure and increased osmotic pressure of the blood

91
Q

What are the two blood supplies for the liver?

A
  • Hepatic artery

- Hepatic portal vein

92
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal system?

A

Enables products of digestion to be metabolise straight away

93
Q

What structure carries out the roles of the lungs kidneys and digestive tract during gestation?

A

The placenta

94
Q

What two vessels transport blood to and from the placenta?

A
  • Umbilical arteries

- Umbilical veins

95
Q

What do umbilical artery do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood containing waste products from the foetus back to the placenta and to the circulation of the mother

96
Q

What does the umbilical vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated and nutrient laden blood from the placenta to the foetus

97
Q

What system is the lymphatic system are part of?

A

The circulatory system

98
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Returns excess tissue fluid that athletes are capillaries back to the blood

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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