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Anatomy & Physiology > Bone Physiology And Development > Flashcards

Bone Physiology And Development Flashcards

1
Q

Name the functions of the skeletal system

A
  • To protect the organs
  • To support the body
  • To maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the body
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2
Q

What does calcitrol, calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Controls the amount of calcium present in the bone and circulation

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3
Q

What is compact bone comprised of?

A

The Harversian system

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4
Q

What is cancellous bone also known as?

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

In what part of a long bone do primary ossification centres appear?

A

The diaphysis

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6
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

The forelimbs and hindlimbs

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7
Q

What type of bone is the os penis an example of?

A

Splanchnic bone

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8
Q

What type of bone is the thoracic vertebrae an example of?

A

Irregular bone

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9
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are present in a horse?

A

18

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10
Q

What is a condyle described as?

A

A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone

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11
Q

What is the correct term for the most cranial sternebrae?

A

The manubrium

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12
Q

What is a joint the presents are sutures classified as?

A

A fibrous joint

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13
Q

Give three functions of synovial fluid?

A

-Shock absorbency
-Nutrition
-Lubrication

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14
Q

Explain the term “extension of a joint”

A

Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint

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15
Q

What do ligaments link together?

A

Bone to bone

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16
Q

What type of tissue are ligaments?

A

Dense connective tissue

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17
Q

What type of tissue are tendons?

A

Dense connective tissue

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18
Q

What do tendons attach together?

A

Muscle to bone

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19
Q

What is the thick central part of a muscle known as?

A

The belly

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20
Q

What is the basic unit of myofibril?

A

Sarcomere

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21
Q

What two contractile proteins are found in muscle?

A

Actin and myosin

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22
Q

What is the correct term given to the muscle sheath?

A

Epimysium

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23
Q

What is the distal part of a muscle, where it attaches via a tendon, known as?

A

The point of insertion

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24
Q

Which muscles lie ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae?

A

Hypaxial muscles

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25
Q

What is the stay apparatus in equine species?

A

The anatomy that comprises of a series of muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the limbs and allows passive maintenance of the standing position

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26
Q

Where are the gastrocnemius muscles located?

A

In the hindlimb

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27
Q

What does the biceps brachii muscle do?

A

Flexes the elbow

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28
Q

What structure is associated with the upward and downward movement of wings in birds?

A

The pectoral muscles

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29
Q

What is the diaphragm comprised of?

A

Muscle and tendon

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30
Q

What bones are associated with the axial skeleton?

A
  • Skull
  • Spine/vertebral column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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31
Q

What structures are associated with the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs

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32
Q

How does the appendicular skeleton attach to the axial skeleton?

A

Via the shoulder and the pelvis

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33
Q

What does the cranium do?

A

Houses the brain

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34
Q

What does the hyoid apparatus do?

A
  • Suspend the larynx and tongue from the skull

- Supports the tongue

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35
Q

What is the technical name for dogs with long, narrow head?

A

Dolicocephalic

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36
Q

What is the technical name for dogs with a medium sized head?

A

Mesocephalic

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37
Q

What is the technical name for dogs with a short, wide head?

A

Brachycephalic

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38
Q

What does poor development of the skull cause?

A
  • A small cranium
  • Leads to part of the cerebellum being pushed out the back of the skull
  • Can cause fluid buildup in the brain or spinal cord
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39
Q

Name the five different regions of the spine

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar 
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
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40
Q

Where are the cervical vertebrae located?

A

In the neck

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41
Q

Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?

A

In the chest region

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42
Q

Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?

A

In the abdominal region and lower back

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43
Q

Where are the sacral vertebrae located?

A

In the pelvic region

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44
Q

Where are the coccygeal vertebrae located?

A

 in the tail of the animal

45
Q

What does the C1 Atlas do?

A

Allows the head to nod

46
Q

What does the C2 axis do?

A

Allows the head to rotate or shake

47
Q

What is between each vertebrae body?

A

Invertebral discs

48
Q

What do inverterbral discs do?

A

Have a shock absorbing affect to minimise damage to spinal cord but still allow some flexibility

49
Q

What does the basic rib structure consist of?

A
  • The body

- Costal cartilage

50
Q

What is the body of a rib?

A

The bony part of the articulates with the thoracic vertebrae

51
Q

What is the costal cartilage of a rib? 

A

The lower half of the rib

52
Q

What is the costochondral junction?

A

The area where the rib bone and cartilage meet

53
Q

What bones are categorised as being within the forelimbs?

A
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpus
  • Metacarpus
  • Phalanges
54
Q

What bones are categorised as being within the hindlimbs?

A
  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsus
  • Metatarsus
  • Phalanges
55
Q

What type of bone developed within soft tissue?

A

Splanchnic bone

56
Q

What is a crest described as?

A

A raised area of bone

57
Q

What is a foreman described as?

A

A hole or opening within a bone

58
Q

What is a fossa described as?

A

A depression within a hole where another structure is found

59
Q

What is a groove described as?

A

A depression in a bone

60
Q

What is a process described as?

A

A thin, elongated projection

61
Q

What is a sinus described as?

A

A narrow, hollow cavity

62
Q

What is a spine described as?

A

The central part of the bone

63
Q

What is a trochanter described as?

A

A prominent area of the theme of lies behind the head of the femur

64
Q

What is a tubercle described as?

A

A small elevation on the surface of a bone

65
Q

What is a tuberosity described as?

A

The area of the tubercle where tendons attach

66
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature cells that can synthesise osteoid (the bone matrix)

67
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells

68
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that can break down and remodel bone

69
Q

Describe compact bone structure

A

Solid and hard outer layer of bones

70
Q

Describe cancellous bone structure

A

Internal mesh/web of bone called trabeculae

71
Q

Where is cancellous bone located?

A

In the ends of long bones, and the middle of short/flat bones

72
Q

What do long bones consist of?

A

And outer cortex of bone and a central medullary cavity which contains bone marrow

73
Q

What makes a bone marrow?

A
  • Vascular tissue
  • Fat
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
74
Q

What is the outer part of a long bone covered in?

A

Periosteum

75
Q

What is the central shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

76
Q

What is the end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

77
Q

What is the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis known as?

A

The metaphysis

78
Q

What is the skeleton primarily made up of in young animals?

A

Cartilage

79
Q

Via which two processes does bone development occur?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification

- Endochondral ossification

80
Q

What happens during intramembranous ossification?

A

Osteoblasts lay down bone between two layers of fibrous connective tissue

81
Q

What happens during endochondral ossification?

A

The replacement of a cartilage template with bone

82
Q

Where does primary endochondral ossification take place?

A

In the diaphysis

83
Q

Where does secondary endochondral ossification take place?

A

In the epiphyses

84
Q

What is a joint?

A

What you are more bones join together

85
Q

What are the three classifications of joints?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
86
Q

How do you fibrous joints present in the skull?

A

Sutures

87
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondroses

- Symphyses

88
Q

Where are synchondroses located?

A

Between the epiphyses and diaphyses in growing animals 

89
Q

Where are symphyses located?

A

Between the mandible bones of the lower jaw, and the pubic bones of the pelvis

90
Q

What characteristics are associated with synovial joints?

A
  • Presence of synovial membrane
  • Fibrous joint capsule
  • Articular surfaces
  • Synovial fluid
  • Ligaments
  • Menisci
91
Q

What is flexion of a joint?

A

Bending the limb by decreasing the angle of the joint

92
Q

What is extension of a joint?

A

Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint

93
Q

What is adduction of a joint?

A

Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body

94
Q

What is abduction of a joint?

A

Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body

95
Q

What is gliding of a joint?

A

Flat surfaces moving over each other

96
Q

What is rotation of a joint?

A

Movement shown by a pivot joint

97
Q

What is circumduction of a joint?

A

Moving one end of a bone in a circular motion

98
Q

What is protraction of a joint?

A

Lengthening the limb by moving distal limb away from the body

99
Q

What is retraction of a joint?

A

Shortening the limb by moving the distal limb towards the body

100
Q

What is supination of a joint?

A

Turning the lower surface of the paw downwards

101
Q

What is pronation of a joint?

A

Turning the lower surface of the paw upwards

102
Q

How are tendons arranged?

A

In parallel

103
Q

Why are tendons arranged in parallel?

A

To form cords which have great tensile strength

104
Q

What do ligaments consist of?

A

Mostly bundles of elastin molecules formed into elastic fibres with some bundles of collagen

105
Q

What does skeletal muscle do?

A

It attaches to the skeleton and bring about movement

106
Q

What is the muscle origin?

A

The proximal attachment to the skeleton

107
Q

What is the muscle insertion?

A

What is the distal part of the muscle attaches to the skeleton

108
Q

What a bundles of muscle fibres called?

A

Fascicles

109
Q

 how is muscle contraction brought about?

A

Via a nerve impulse

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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