Bone Physiology And Development Flashcards
Name the functions of the skeletal system
- To protect the organs
- To support the body
- To maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the body
What does calcitrol, calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone do?
Controls the amount of calcium present in the bone and circulation
What is compact bone comprised of?
The Harversian system
What is cancellous bone also known as?
Spongy bone
In what part of a long bone do primary ossification centres appear?
The diaphysis
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
The forelimbs and hindlimbs
What type of bone is the os penis an example of?
Splanchnic bone
What type of bone is the thoracic vertebrae an example of?
Irregular bone
How many thoracic vertebrae are present in a horse?
18
What is a condyle described as?
A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone
What is the correct term for the most cranial sternebrae?
The manubrium
What is a joint the presents are sutures classified as?
A fibrous joint
Give three functions of synovial fluid?
-Shock absorbency
-Nutrition
-Lubrication
Explain the term “extension of a joint”
Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint
What do ligaments link together?
Bone to bone
What type of tissue are ligaments?
Dense connective tissue
What type of tissue are tendons?
Dense connective tissue
What do tendons attach together?
Muscle to bone
What is the thick central part of a muscle known as?
The belly
What is the basic unit of myofibril?
Sarcomere
What two contractile proteins are found in muscle?
Actin and myosin
What is the correct term given to the muscle sheath?
Epimysium
What is the distal part of a muscle, where it attaches via a tendon, known as?
The point of insertion
Which muscles lie ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
Hypaxial muscles
What is the stay apparatus in equine species?
The anatomy that comprises of a series of muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the limbs and allows passive maintenance of the standing position
Where are the gastrocnemius muscles located?
In the hindlimb
What does the biceps brachii muscle do?
Flexes the elbow
What structure is associated with the upward and downward movement of wings in birds?
The pectoral muscles
What is the diaphragm comprised of?
Muscle and tendon
What bones are associated with the axial skeleton?
- Skull
- Spine/vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
What structures are associated with the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs
How does the appendicular skeleton attach to the axial skeleton?
Via the shoulder and the pelvis
What does the cranium do?
Houses the brain
What does the hyoid apparatus do?
- Suspend the larynx and tongue from the skull
- Supports the tongue
What is the technical name for dogs with long, narrow head?
Dolicocephalic
What is the technical name for dogs with a medium sized head?
Mesocephalic
What is the technical name for dogs with a short, wide head?
Brachycephalic
What does poor development of the skull cause?
- A small cranium
- Leads to part of the cerebellum being pushed out the back of the skull
- Can cause fluid buildup in the brain or spinal cord
Name the five different regions of the spine
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar 
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
Where are the cervical vertebrae located?
In the neck
Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?
In the chest region
Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?
In the abdominal region and lower back
Where are the sacral vertebrae located?
In the pelvic region
Where are the coccygeal vertebrae located?
 in the tail of the animal
What does the C1 Atlas do?
Allows the head to nod
What does the C2 axis do?
Allows the head to rotate or shake
What is between each vertebrae body?
Invertebral discs
What do inverterbral discs do?
Have a shock absorbing affect to minimise damage to spinal cord but still allow some flexibility
What does the basic rib structure consist of?
- The body
- Costal cartilage
What is the body of a rib?
The bony part of the articulates with the thoracic vertebrae
What is the costal cartilage of a rib? 
The lower half of the rib
What is the costochondral junction?
The area where the rib bone and cartilage meet
What bones are categorised as being within the forelimbs?
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpus
- Metacarpus
- Phalanges
What bones are categorised as being within the hindlimbs?
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsus
- Metatarsus
- Phalanges
What type of bone developed within soft tissue?
Splanchnic bone
What is a crest described as?
A raised area of bone
What is a foreman described as?
A hole or opening within a bone
What is a fossa described as?
A depression within a hole where another structure is found
What is a groove described as?
A depression in a bone
What is a process described as?
A thin, elongated projection
What is a sinus described as?
A narrow, hollow cavity
What is a spine described as?
The central part of the bone
What is a trochanter described as?
A prominent area of the theme of lies behind the head of the femur
What is a tubercle described as?
A small elevation on the surface of a bone
What is a tuberosity described as?
The area of the tubercle where tendons attach
What are osteoblasts?
Immature cells that can synthesise osteoid (the bone matrix)
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that can break down and remodel bone
Describe compact bone structure
Solid and hard outer layer of bones
Describe cancellous bone structure
Internal mesh/web of bone called trabeculae
Where is cancellous bone located?
In the ends of long bones, and the middle of short/flat bones
What do long bones consist of?
And outer cortex of bone and a central medullary cavity which contains bone marrow
What makes a bone marrow?
- Vascular tissue
- Fat
- Platelets
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
What is the outer part of a long bone covered in?
Periosteum
What is the central shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What is the end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis known as?
The metaphysis
What is the skeleton primarily made up of in young animals?
Cartilage
Via which two processes does bone development occur?
- Intramembranous ossification
- Endochondral ossification
What happens during intramembranous ossification?
Osteoblasts lay down bone between two layers of fibrous connective tissue
What happens during endochondral ossification?
The replacement of a cartilage template with bone
Where does primary endochondral ossification take place?
In the diaphysis
Where does secondary endochondral ossification take place?
In the epiphyses
What is a joint?
What you are more bones join together
What are the three classifications of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
How do you fibrous joints present in the skull?
Sutures
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
Where are synchondroses located?
Between the epiphyses and diaphyses in growing animals 
Where are symphyses located?
Between the mandible bones of the lower jaw, and the pubic bones of the pelvis
What characteristics are associated with synovial joints?
- Presence of synovial membrane
- Fibrous joint capsule
- Articular surfaces
- Synovial fluid
- Ligaments
- Menisci
What is flexion of a joint?
Bending the limb by decreasing the angle of the joint
What is extension of a joint?
Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint
What is adduction of a joint?
Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body
What is abduction of a joint?
Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body
What is gliding of a joint?
Flat surfaces moving over each other
What is rotation of a joint?
Movement shown by a pivot joint
What is circumduction of a joint?
Moving one end of a bone in a circular motion
What is protraction of a joint?
Lengthening the limb by moving distal limb away from the body
What is retraction of a joint?
Shortening the limb by moving the distal limb towards the body
What is supination of a joint?
Turning the lower surface of the paw downwards
What is pronation of a joint?
Turning the lower surface of the paw upwards
How are tendons arranged?
In parallel
Why are tendons arranged in parallel?
To form cords which have great tensile strength
What do ligaments consist of?
Mostly bundles of elastin molecules formed into elastic fibres with some bundles of collagen
What does skeletal muscle do?
It attaches to the skeleton and bring about movement
What is the muscle origin?
The proximal attachment to the skeleton
What is the muscle insertion?
What is the distal part of the muscle attaches to the skeleton
What a bundles of muscle fibres called?
Fascicles
 how is muscle contraction brought about?
Via a nerve impulse
