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Lecture Notes > Physiological Effects Of Exercise > Flashcards

Physiological Effects Of Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Strength is mainly determined by size

Cross sectional area of fibers in a muscle is proportional to the strength that can be generated

Long fibers good for rapid movement

Short fibers good for large forces

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2
Q

Fiber types

A

Slow twitch (Type 1)

Oxidative
Red
Prolonged endurance activity

Fast twitch Type 2a

Red
Either endurance or rapid force
Quickly fatigue

Fast twitch Type 2b

White
Rapid force production
Quickly fatigue

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3
Q

Exercise contractions

A

To increase muscle strength – muscle fiber cross sectional area
Isometric - no movement
Isotonic - concentric and eccentric

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4
Q

Endurance exercise training

A

Increased mitochondrial function
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) involved in gene control of red muscle cell production and regulation of glycolytic enzymes.
Increased Haemoglobin concentration

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5
Q

Individual variation

A

Individuals vary in proportions of different fiber types
Training does not significantly change proportions of fiber types
Athletes find the sport that fits their abilities

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6
Q

Smoking and lifestyle

A

Smoking reduces cross sectional area Of muscles

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7
Q

A 1500m run

A

Energy production X8 in first 3 minutes

Increase in;
– Consumption of cellular fuel
– Consumption of oxygen
– Production of carbon dioxide – Heat

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8
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

ATP + Creatine —> creatine phosphate and ADP which is broken down by creatine kinase into creatine and ATP which is then used for muscle contraction

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

2ATP + 2 Pyruvate

LOOK UP IMAGE IN NOTES

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10
Q

Citric acid / Krebs Cycle

A

1 ATP + 3NADH + 1FADH2

LOOK UP IN NOTES

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11
Q

Electron transport chain

A

By far most energy produced by this oxidative process
Between 20-30 ATP

LOOK UP PROCESS IN NOTES

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12
Q

Lactate

A

Pyruvate
/. \
Acetyl co a. Lactic acid
|. |
Mitochondria Liver
|. |
ATP. ATP

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13
Q

Lactate

A

Increase in lactate build up in athletes
Triathletes slow build up
longer aerobic component to ATP production before increased glycolysis

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14
Q

Gluconeogenisis

A

Liver and kidneys

SEE LECTURE SLIDES

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15
Q

Intense short term exercise

A

10-15 seconds
– Creatine phosphate
– ATP

Up to 2 minutes
– Glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

Several minutes
– Oxygen debt
– Lactic acid build up
– About 2L of oxygen required to replenish ATP and creatine phosphate

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16
Q

Longer less intense exercise

A

Glycogen from circulation
Glucose from plasma
Hepatic glucose production increases
– Short term glycogenolysis
– Longer term gluconeogenesis • Muscle proteolysis
• Glucagon and Insulin • Fatty acid release

17
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

VO2max: Oxygen usage under maximal aerobic activity
EPOC: Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

18
Q

Recovery phase

A

Fast component
– Resting levels of ATP and CP restored

Slow component
– lactic acid converted to glucose in liver
– Lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid

19
Q

Respiratory system during exercise

A

To meet the increased oxygen demand

– Increase in ventilation rate
– Increased in tidal volume

20
Q

Control of respiration

A

Psychological
CNS
CO2 levels
H+ levels
O2 levels
Pulmonary stretch receptors
Peripheral joint receptors
Body temperature

21
Q

Changes in Blood gasses

A

Arterial 02 and venous CO2 do not change significantly during exercise

– Respiratory system can provide adequate aeration

22
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

Oxygen consumption increases
Similar rate for first few seconds
Reaches steady state where lactate acid accumulation is minimal
Other factors like fuel availability limit exercise
VO2max When steady state oxygen consumption does not increase with work intensity.

23
Q

V02max

A

Increases in exercise past V02max result in
increased lactic acid accumulation

Age
– Decreases after 25

Activity
– Improves with activity

Sex
– Lower for females

Can be improved with training

24
Q

Alveolar diffusion

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide diffusion capacity increases with exercise
– increase from 23 mlmin-1 to 48 mlmin-1 from rest to maximal exercise for non athlete.
– 80 mlmin-1 in a rower at maximal exercise

Related to increase in perfusion more that ventilation

25
Q

Redistribution of blood flow

A

Blood is directed to working muscles
Renal and cerebral stays constant

26
Q

Cardiac Changes

A

Increased cardiac output
– Increased stroke volume
– Increased heart rate

27
Q

Control of Cardiac Output

A

Increase of sympathetic nerves to the heart leads to b increases in stroke volume and heart b rate

Decrease in activity b Of parasympathetic nerves to the heart leads to increase HR

all leading to increase Q

28
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood expelled by the left ventricle in each beat
CVS: Central venous pressure changes diastolic filling pressure, more blood available to fill heart
TPR: Total peripheral resistance changes ability to expel blood into arterial system

29
Q

Control of stroke volume

A

Increase Venous return increase the end diastolic volume, increasing stroke volume

Increase in sympathetic activity or epinephrine increases contractility increasing stroke volume

Decrease in arterial pressure leads to increase SV

30
Q

Starlings law

A

The more full the heart is the harder it will contract increasing the stroke volume (ventricular performance)

Force of contraction related to how stretched the cardiac muscle is

31
Q

Benefits of exercise and reducing Cardiovascular Disease risk

A

Reduced blood pressure
Increased circulating HDL and reduced Triglycerides
Changes in arterial wall homeostasis reducing atherosclerotic disease
Improved aortic valve function and reduction in calcification
Increased ventricular chamber wall thickness
Increased red cells (to a point)
Changes in cardiac vasculature to increase oxygen availability

32
Q

Heart control

A

Exercise: Change from Parasympathetic (cPNA) to sympathetic (cSNA)
Recovery: Shifts back to cPNA

33
Q

Exercise and depression

A

Moderate clinical effect in a decline in depression
Long term follow up on mood found in favour of exercise
No more effective than psychological or pharmacological treatments
Important for those who do not want pharmacological treatment

34
Q

Exercise and Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

2/3 RA patients suffer from muscle wasting- exercise Can reduce this

Higher risk of low Bone density

Joint health - resistance reading Can increase tendon stiffness, strengthen connective tissue
Enhances cartilage integrity and Joint lubricator
Mobility exercises increase RoM

Lecture Notes (35 decks)

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