physiological changes

Question 1

haematological

Answer 1

increased circulatory volume- dilution leads to anaemia. reduced oncotic pressure leads to oedema and increased GFR. incr procoagulation factors and venous stasis so incr risk DVT

Question 2

respiratory

Answer 2

increased tidal volume, incr CO2 levels to facilitate diffusion across the placenta

Question 3

cardio

Answer 3

ESMs and 3rd heart sound common. JVP dilated but not raised. stroke vol and HR increased

Question 4

gastro

Answer 4

reflux due to reduced LOS tone and abdominal compression

Question 5

what is the pregnant woman more at risk with regards to anaesthesia

Answer 5

aspiration

Question 6

liver

Answer 6

more clotting factors produced

Question 7

kidneys

Answer 7

increased GFR- reductioons in urea, urate, creat. glycosuria common

Question 8

uterus

Answer 8

increased blood flow, uterine artery hypertrophy, maturation.

Question 9

what does progesterone secreted by the placenta do (>12 weeks)

Answer 9

reduce LOS tone, increase tidal volume, stop the menstrual cycle

Question 10

what maintains corpus luteum and inhibits FSH/LH in early pregnancy

Answer 10

beta HCG

Question 11

what is linea nigra

Answer 11

oestrogen stimulates melanocytes to deposit more melanin. in the midline as more melanocytes here

Question 12

what is striae gravidarum

Answer 12

oestrogen causes break down of elastin

Question 13

what is increased demand by the fetus

Answer 13

calcium- for skeletal growth