Physiological and acoustic phonetics: a speech science foundation Flashcards
The study of speech sounds
Phonetics
Language as a system with its organized components
Linguistics
Systems necessary to produce sound for speech
Respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation
a code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience
language
The scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language
Phonology
The smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning
phonemes
Variations of phonemes
allophones
Open syllables
end in vowels
closed syllables
end in consonants
What are the 3 parameters for consonant description?
Place, manner, voicing
Place of articulation
refers to the location of the sounds’ production within the speech production mechanism
Voicing
refers to vocal fold vibration during production of sounds
Manner of articulation
refers to the degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production
What are the bilabial sounds?
p, b, m, w
What are the labiodental sounds?
f, v
What are the linguadental sounds?
voiced and voiceless th
What are the lingua-alveolar sounds?
n, t, d, s, z, l
What are the linguapalatal sounds?
sh, dg, ch, r, y
What are the linguavelar sounds?
ng, k, g
What is the glottal sound?
h
Nasal sounds
m, n, ng
Stops
p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricatives
f, v, th-voiced and voiceless, s, z, sh, h
Liquids
l, r
Glides
w, j
What are cognate pairs?
Sounds that are identical in every way except voicing
Describe nasal sounds
Produced by keeping the velopharyngeal port open- allows for sound produced by the vibrating VF to pass through the nasal cavity
Describe fricative sounds
Sounds that have a “hissing” quality that results fromm the continuous forcing of air through a narrow constriction
Describe affricates
Have both a stop and a fricative component
Describe stops
produced by complete constriction or closure of the vocal tract at some point, so the airflow is completely stopped
Describe glides
produced by a quick transition of the articulators as the move from a partially constricted state to a more open state for the vowels that follow them
Describe liquids
produced with the least oral cavity restriction of all the consonants
4 parameters used to characterize vowels
Lip position, tense/lax, tongue height, tongue forwardness
Describe a diphthong
A sound produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel (the onglide) to the adjacent vowel (the offglide)
The change a sound goes through in connected speech
Coarticulation
Suprasegmentals are features of what system?
Prosody
What is the purpose of suprasegmentals?
add meaning, variety, and color to running speech
Describe characteristics of a stressed syllable
loud, longer, higher in pitch, greater muscular effort
The speed of speech
rate
The frequency with which the VF vibrate- determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of the VF
pitch
sound pressure
intensity
What is the sensory correlate of intensity
loudness
The study of sound as a physical phenomenon
Acoustics
Movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules
Sound waves
A phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are condensed; the opposite of rarefacction
compression
the thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium; opposite of compression
rarefaction
The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic
Simple harmonic motion
A wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry because it contains one peak, or crest, and one valley, or trough. Contains a single frequency that is the result of a simple harmonic motion
sinusoidal motion
Waves that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals
aperiodic waves
sound waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals and are periodic
periodic wave
The magnitude and direction of displacement; correlates to loudness
amplitude
the amount of mass per unit
density
refers to the back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object
Oscillation
change in position
displacement
the lowest frequency of a periodic wave
fundamental frequency
the amount of force per unit area
pressure
What is natural frequency?
A frequency with which a source of sound vibrates naturally and that is affected by the mas and stiffness of the vibrating body
An indication of the interval between 2 frequencies
octave
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is known as…
Fundamental frequency or first harmonic
