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PRAXIS and COMPS > Chapter 1- Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of speech mechanism > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of speech mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

The exchange of has between organism and its environment

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What two functions make up respiration?

A

Inhalation and exhalation

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3
Q

When we inhale, the chest cavity __________.

A

expands

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4
Q

How do quiet breathing and breathing for speech difer?

A

Speech breathing is more conscious and adjusted to meet the demands of speech

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5
Q

Humans generally speak on __________

A

exhaled air

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6
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A
  1. Chest and lungs expand
  2. diaphragm lowers
  3. air flows in through nose and mouth
  4. air goes down pharynx and between open VF
  5. air continues downward through trachea
  6. air reaches lungs
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7
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Thoracic cavity

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8
Q

The larynx sits atop what structure?

A

Trachea

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9
Q

How many vertebra are in the spinal column?

A

32-33

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10
Q

Describe the 5 segments of the spinal column

A
  1. 7 cervical (C1-C7)
  2. 12 thoracic(T1-T12)
  3. 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  5. 3-4 coccygeal
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11
Q

The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

Which two primary categories of muscles support respiration?

A

Thoracic muscles of inhalation and abdominal muscles of expiration

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13
Q

Adduction

A

move toward midline

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14
Q

Abduction

A

move away from midline

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15
Q

space between the VF

A

glottis

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

responsible for controlling sound production

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17
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid

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18
Q

Which is the primary muscle for abduction?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

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19
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve X

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

support the larynx and fix its position

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21
Q

Which extrinsic muscles elevate the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid muscles (elevators)

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22
Q

Which extrinsic muscles lower the larynx?

A

infrahyoid muscles (depressors)

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the VF?

A
  1. epithelium (outer cover)
  2. lamina propria (middle layer- 3 layers)
  3. vocalis muscle (body and stability)
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24
Q

Name all the pairs of VF

A
  1. True VF
  2. Aryepiglottic folds
  3. Ventricular (false) folds
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25
Q

Describe the aryepiglottic folds

A

Extend from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help protect the airway

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26
Q

Describe the ventricular folds

A

They only vibrate at very low frequencies and compress during coughing and lifting heavy objects

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27
Q

Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds

A

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

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28
Q

Caused by the increase speed of air passing between the vocal folds, is the “sucking” motion of the VF toward one another

A

Bernoulli effect

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29
Q

Describe the mucosal wave

A

The cover (epithelium) and the superficial lamina propria and the transition move over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave

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30
Q

The mucosal wave is necessary to produce ________.

A

vibration- phonation

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31
Q

What the function of the cerebellum?

A

regulate motor movement

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32
Q

Which two cranial nerves innervate the larynx?

A

VII- Facial

X- Vague

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33
Q

A flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx

A

velum

34
Q

When the soft palate raises and retracts, what is acheived?

A

velopharyngeal closure

35
Q

The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose

A

Hard palate

36
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue

37
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate muscles of articulation?

A
  1. VII- Facial
  2. V- Trigeminal
  3. X- Vagus
  4. XI- spinal accessory
  5. Xii- hypoglossal
38
Q

Name the two parts of a neuron

A
  1. nerve fibers

2. cell body

39
Q

What are the projections of the cell body that specialize in receiving and conducting stimuli?

A

dendrites and axons

40
Q

What coats the axons?

A

myelin

41
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

synapses

42
Q

Afferent nerves are __________

A

sensory

43
Q

Efferent nerves are __________

A

motor

44
Q

What is the most common type of neuron?

A

Interneurons- link neurons with other neurons

45
Q

The PNS consists of…?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, automatic nervous system

46
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

47
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

48
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate?

A

spinal cord

49
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal- face (sensory); jaw (motor)

50
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial- tongue (sensory); face (motor)

51
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Acoustic- hearing and balance (sensory)

52
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx (sensory); pharynx only (motor)

53
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus- Larynx, respiratory, cardiac (sensory and motor)

54
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Spinal accessory- Throat movements (motor)

55
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal- tongue (motor)

56
Q

Two branches of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

57
Q

The branch of the ANS used for “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

58
Q

Functions of the sympathetic branch

A

accelerates heart rate, dialates pupils, raises BP, increases blood flow- emotional arousal

59
Q

Function of the parasympathetic branch

A

Brings the body back to a state of relaxation

60
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

61
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

62
Q

The brainstem connects what?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

63
Q

Function of the midbrain

A

Controls motor and sensory functions- postural reflexes, visual reflexes, and coordination of eye and head movements

64
Q

Function of pons

A

Hearing and balance and houses nuclei for trigeminal and facial nerves which are important or speech production

65
Q

Function of medulla

A

breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure

66
Q

What structure of the brainstem responds to incoming information by affecting the state of a person’s alertness and consciousness

A

Reticular activating system

67
Q

What are the two main structures of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

68
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

regulates sensory information

69
Q

What are the 3 nuclear masses that make up the basal ganglia?

A

globus pallidus
putamen
caudate nucleus

70
Q

Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in…

A

unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, involuntary and uncontrolled movement

71
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior to the brainstem

72
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

73
Q

What kind of dysarthria will result from a lesion in the cerebellum?

A

Ataxic

74
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

The direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

75
Q

Two tracts of the pyramidal system

A

Cortiospinal and corticobulbar

76
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

part of the PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

77
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

Part of the CNS

78
Q

What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by the fine motor movements of the pyramidal system- indirect activation system

79
Q

Structures involved in the extrapyramidal system

A

Basal ganglia, red nucleus, substantia niagra, subthalamus

80
Q

3 types of connecting fibers in the cerebrum

A

projection fibers
commissural fibers
association fibers

81
Q

Layers of tissue that protect the brain

A

Dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

82
Q

The globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen are called what

A

The corpus striatum

PRAXIS and COMPS (11 decks)

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