CHAPTER 1- Anatomy & Physiology of communication & swallowing Flashcards
The bodily structure of an organism and its parts
anatomy
The study of normal function of bodily structures & parts
physiology
The study of physiological, mechanical and psychological mechanisms of movement
kinesiology
the study of hearing disorders, evaluation, & rehabilitation
Audiology
the study of how sound is used across languages to convey meaning
phonology
the study of mental processes & behavior
psychology
What are the 3 types of muscle cells?
- skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth
Describe skeletal muscle
- is striated & under voluntary control
2. generates voluntary muscle movements
Describe cardiac muscle
- striated & contracts involuntarily
2. Found in the heart wall and contracts to propel blood through the heart chambers
Describe smooth muscle
- no striated & contracts involuntarily
- specialized for relatively slow, sustained contraction in the internal organs, blood vessels, eyes, and hair follicles
What is the complex information processing system that enables interaction with the environment for survival & reproduction?
Nervous system
Purpose of a neuron
information reception and transmission
Parts of a neuron
- Cell body with nucleus
- dendrites
- axons
What is specialized for transmitting or propogating APs in order to communicate with other neurons contract muscle or cause glands to secrete
axons
What is involved in processes specialized for receiving signals from other neurons or environmental stimuli?
dendrites
The brain and the spinal cord make up the…
CNS
What is the PNS comprised of?
Spinal & cranial nerves
How can the PNS be subdivided?
somatic NS & autonomic NS
What is the function of the somatic NS?
supports sensation & motor functions of the body
What is the function of the autonomic NS?
regulates digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, & gland secretion
What are the two branches of the autonomic NS?
- Parasympathetic division
2. Sympathetic division
Purpose of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
helps maintain homeostasis by balancing functions such as respiration, digestion, & various metabolic needs
Purpose of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
fight or flight response- increases heart rate, blood pressure, sweat production, respiratory rate
How does the CNS communicate with the body?
via peripheral nerves (spinal & cranial)
How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the PNS?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS?
31
Which cranial nerve contributes to the oral stage of swallowing: chewing, bolus sensation?
CN V- trigeminal
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing & sound localization?
CN 8- Vestibulocochlear
What cranial nerve is responsible for bolus manipulation and propulsion during the oral stage?
CN XII- Hypoglossal
Which CN is responsible for head turning and should elevation?
CN XI- Spinal accessory
What CN is responsible for velum elevation, gag reflex, vocal fold tension, adduction & abduction?
CN X- Vagus
Which CN is responsible for taste & articulation?
CN 7- Facial
Afferent nerves are
Sensory
Efferent nerves are
motor
What are the protective membranes of the CNS called?
meninges
The thin, delicate fibrous sheet that is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain & spinal cord
Pia mater
The spider, weblike mesh of fibers which provides a region through which CSF can flow
arachnoid mater
the tough durable sac made of dense fibrous tissue that surrounds the brain & spinal cord
Dura mater
Describe the ventricles of the brain
- Right & Left lateral ventricles
- third ventricle- midline of the brain
- fourth ventrible- at the base of the cerebellum
What three segements form the brainstem?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
Describe the medulla & its function
- lowermost segment of the brainstem
- controls autonomic functions- respiration, cardiac rate, reflex motor responses such as coughing, vomiting, & swallowing
Describe the pons & its function
- located between the medulla & the brainstem
- mastication, facial expressions, eye movements (cranial nerves)
Describe the midbrain & its function
the most rostral (highest) portion of the brainstem
-coordination of phonatory, articulatory, and respiratory movements
What does “cerebellum” mean in Latin
“little brain”
Function of the cerebellum
motor control- improve future movements by sending error correction information to the motor cortex of the cerebrum
What are the lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissue?
Frontal lobe
Which part of the frontal lobe contributes to executive functioning- attention, monitoring, planning, & decision making?
Prefrontal cortex
Which area of the frontal lobe is important for language production?
Broca’s area
The primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) is ______________ to the premotor cortex
posterior
Which lobe is posterior to the central sulcus & superior to the lateral fissure?
Parietal
What is the anterior most portion of the parietal lobe?
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
Which lobe is inferior to the lateral fissure & anterior to the occipital lobe?
Temporal lobe
What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?
Heschl’s gyrus
Which area of the temporal lobe is important for language comprehension?
Wernicke’s area
Brodmann’s area 44 & 45
Broca’s area
Brodmann’s area 22
Wernicke’s area
What are the two types of motor pathways?
- Direct motor pathway- Pyramidal system
2. Indirect motor pathway- Extrapyramidal system
What is the function of the direct motor pathway?
control of skilled, voluntary movements of our extremities
What are the two tracts of the direct motor pathway (pyramidal system)?
- Corticospinal tract
2. Corticobulbar tract
Describe the corticospinal tract
Upper motor neurons originate from the primary & premotor cortex, the fibers extend through the internal capsule (above the midbrain), pyramidal decussation occurs in the brainstem (cross over) to control muscles on the contralateral side of the body, tracts synapse with lower motor neurons
Describe the corticobulbar tract
Function: control muscles of face, head, & neck
Upper motor neurons originate in the primary motor cortex, axons project contralaterally or bilaterally onto cranial nerve motor nuclei
Typically, corticobular control is…
bilateral
What are two exceptions to bilateral innervation of the corticobular tract?
- contralateral control of lower face (CN VII)
2. contralateral control of the tongue (CN XII)
What is the indirect activation pathway (extrapyramidal system) involved in?
reflexes & coordination of various muscle groups, modulation & regulation of posture, balance, tone, & some voluntary movements
Which lung is smaller?
Left lung
How many lobes are in the R lung?
3
How many lobes are in the L lung?
2
Aspiration is more common in which lung?
Right
What are the four major muscle groups involved in respiration?
diaphragm, abdominals, internal & external intercostals
Quiet breathing versus Speech breathing
Quiet breathing is passive & involuntary.
Speech breathing is active & volitional.
Where is the larynx located?
in the neck- at the level of C3-C6
What does the larynx connect
Connects the oropharynx & laryngopharynx to the trachea.
Why is the larynx important during swallowing?
Airway protection
What are the midline, unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
- Arytenoids
- Cuniforms
- Corniculates
Describe the location of the VF
Extend from the anterior thyroid cartilage to the vocal processes of the arytenoids
What are the 3 layers of the VF?
- Vocalis muscle
- Lamina propria
- Superficial
The area between the VF
glottis
Describe the cycle of voicing
- VF are adducted- closing the glottis
- subglottic air pressure builds up
- air pressure eventually blows open the vocal folds
- Air rushes through the glottis & pressure decreases
- the decrease in pressure & pliable nature of the VF, closes the VF
- with the VF closed, another cycle begins
