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PRAXIS and COMPS > CHAPTER 1- Anatomy & Physiology of communication & swallowing > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1- Anatomy & Physiology of communication & swallowing Flashcards

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1
Q

The bodily structure of an organism and its parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

The study of normal function of bodily structures & parts

A

physiology

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3
Q

The study of physiological, mechanical and psychological mechanisms of movement

A

kinesiology

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4
Q

the study of hearing disorders, evaluation, & rehabilitation

A

Audiology

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5
Q

the study of how sound is used across languages to convey meaning

A

phonology

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6
Q

the study of mental processes & behavior

A

psychology

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

A
  1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth
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8
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  1. is striated & under voluntary control

2. generates voluntary muscle movements

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9
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  1. striated & contracts involuntarily

2. Found in the heart wall and contracts to propel blood through the heart chambers

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10
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  1. no striated & contracts involuntarily
  2. specialized for relatively slow, sustained contraction in the internal organs, blood vessels, eyes, and hair follicles
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11
Q

What is the complex information processing system that enables interaction with the environment for survival & reproduction?

A

Nervous system

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12
Q

Purpose of a neuron

A

information reception and transmission

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13
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body with nucleus
  2. dendrites
  3. axons
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14
Q

What is specialized for transmitting or propogating APs in order to communicate with other neurons contract muscle or cause glands to secrete

A

axons

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15
Q

What is involved in processes specialized for receiving signals from other neurons or environmental stimuli?

A

dendrites

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16
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up the…

A

CNS

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17
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Spinal & cranial nerves

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18
Q

How can the PNS be subdivided?

A

somatic NS & autonomic NS

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19
Q

What is the function of the somatic NS?

A

supports sensation & motor functions of the body

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20
Q

What is the function of the autonomic NS?

A

regulates digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, & gland secretion

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21
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic NS?

A
  1. Parasympathetic division

2. Sympathetic division

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22
Q

Purpose of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

helps maintain homeostasis by balancing functions such as respiration, digestion, & various metabolic needs

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23
Q

Purpose of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

fight or flight response- increases heart rate, blood pressure, sweat production, respiratory rate

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24
Q

How does the CNS communicate with the body?

A

via peripheral nerves (spinal & cranial)

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25
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the PNS?

A

12

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26
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS?

A

31

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27
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes to the oral stage of swallowing: chewing, bolus sensation?

A

CN V- trigeminal

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28
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing & sound localization?

A

CN 8- Vestibulocochlear

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29
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for bolus manipulation and propulsion during the oral stage?

A

CN XII- Hypoglossal

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30
Q

Which CN is responsible for head turning and should elevation?

A

CN XI- Spinal accessory

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31
Q

What CN is responsible for velum elevation, gag reflex, vocal fold tension, adduction & abduction?

A

CN X- Vagus

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32
Q

Which CN is responsible for taste & articulation?

A

CN 7- Facial

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33
Q

Afferent nerves are

A

Sensory

34
Q

Efferent nerves are

A

motor

35
Q

What are the protective membranes of the CNS called?

A

meninges

36
Q

The thin, delicate fibrous sheet that is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain & spinal cord

A

Pia mater

37
Q

The spider, weblike mesh of fibers which provides a region through which CSF can flow

A

arachnoid mater

38
Q

the tough durable sac made of dense fibrous tissue that surrounds the brain & spinal cord

A

Dura mater

39
Q

Describe the ventricles of the brain

A
  1. Right & Left lateral ventricles
  2. third ventricle- midline of the brain
  3. fourth ventrible- at the base of the cerebellum
40
Q

What three segements form the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
41
Q

Describe the medulla & its function

A
  • lowermost segment of the brainstem
  • controls autonomic functions- respiration, cardiac rate, reflex motor responses such as coughing, vomiting, & swallowing
42
Q

Describe the pons & its function

A
  • located between the medulla & the brainstem

- mastication, facial expressions, eye movements (cranial nerves)

43
Q

Describe the midbrain & its function

A

the most rostral (highest) portion of the brainstem

-coordination of phonatory, articulatory, and respiratory movements

44
Q

What does “cerebellum” mean in Latin

A

“little brain”

45
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

motor control- improve future movements by sending error correction information to the motor cortex of the cerebrum

46
Q

What are the lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

47
Q

Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissue?

A

Frontal lobe

48
Q

Which part of the frontal lobe contributes to executive functioning- attention, monitoring, planning, & decision making?

A

Prefrontal cortex

49
Q

Which area of the frontal lobe is important for language production?

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

The primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) is ______________ to the premotor cortex

A

posterior

51
Q

Which lobe is posterior to the central sulcus & superior to the lateral fissure?

A

Parietal

52
Q

What is the anterior most portion of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)

53
Q

Which lobe is inferior to the lateral fissure & anterior to the occipital lobe?

A

Temporal lobe

54
Q

What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

55
Q

Which area of the temporal lobe is important for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

56
Q

Brodmann’s area 44 & 45

A

Broca’s area

57
Q

Brodmann’s area 22

A

Wernicke’s area

58
Q

What are the two types of motor pathways?

A
  1. Direct motor pathway- Pyramidal system

2. Indirect motor pathway- Extrapyramidal system

59
Q

What is the function of the direct motor pathway?

A

control of skilled, voluntary movements of our extremities

60
Q

What are the two tracts of the direct motor pathway (pyramidal system)?

A
  1. Corticospinal tract

2. Corticobulbar tract

61
Q

Describe the corticospinal tract

A

Upper motor neurons originate from the primary & premotor cortex, the fibers extend through the internal capsule (above the midbrain), pyramidal decussation occurs in the brainstem (cross over) to control muscles on the contralateral side of the body, tracts synapse with lower motor neurons

62
Q

Describe the corticobulbar tract

A

Function: control muscles of face, head, & neck

Upper motor neurons originate in the primary motor cortex, axons project contralaterally or bilaterally onto cranial nerve motor nuclei

63
Q

Typically, corticobular control is…

A

bilateral

64
Q

What are two exceptions to bilateral innervation of the corticobular tract?

A
  1. contralateral control of lower face (CN VII)

2. contralateral control of the tongue (CN XII)

65
Q

What is the indirect activation pathway (extrapyramidal system) involved in?

A

reflexes & coordination of various muscle groups, modulation & regulation of posture, balance, tone, & some voluntary movements

66
Q

Which lung is smaller?

A

Left lung

67
Q

How many lobes are in the R lung?

A

3

68
Q

How many lobes are in the L lung?

A

2

69
Q

Aspiration is more common in which lung?

A

Right

70
Q

What are the four major muscle groups involved in respiration?

A

diaphragm, abdominals, internal & external intercostals

71
Q

Quiet breathing versus Speech breathing

A

Quiet breathing is passive & involuntary.

Speech breathing is active & volitional.

72
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

in the neck- at the level of C3-C6

73
Q

What does the larynx connect

A

Connects the oropharynx & laryngopharynx to the trachea.

74
Q

Why is the larynx important during swallowing?

A

Airway protection

75
Q

What are the midline, unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Cricoid
  3. Epiglottis
76
Q

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  1. Arytenoids
  2. Cuniforms
  3. Corniculates
77
Q

Describe the location of the VF

A

Extend from the anterior thyroid cartilage to the vocal processes of the arytenoids

78
Q

What are the 3 layers of the VF?

A
  1. Vocalis muscle
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Superficial
79
Q

The area between the VF

A

glottis

80
Q

Describe the cycle of voicing

A
  1. VF are adducted- closing the glottis
  2. subglottic air pressure builds up
  3. air pressure eventually blows open the vocal folds
  4. Air rushes through the glottis & pressure decreases
  5. the decrease in pressure & pliable nature of the VF, closes the VF
  6. with the VF closed, another cycle begins

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