Physiologic & Pharmacologic Actions Flashcards
Garlic
Anti-microbial. Reduce atherosclerotic lesions. Increase fibrinolysis, inhibit platelet aggregation, lower blood pressure/vasodilator
Ginkgo
Scavenge free radicals, open blood vessels, increase hypoxia tolerance, reduce retinal edema/lesions, improve memory/learning, inhibit platelet activation factor (PAF)
Onion
Antibacterial, lipid-reducing, antihypertensive, platelet-aggregation-inhibiting
Oat Bran
Lower cholesterol
Guar Gum
Lower cholesterol levels 6-8% and triglycerides 13-17% using 15g/day. Bind lipids
Red Yeast Rice
Inhibit HMG CoA—rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.
Aloe vera
Laxative (aloe latex). Gel: anti-inflammatory, wound healing
Calendula
Stimulate blood vessel growth
Chamomile
Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, carminative. Bacteriostatic, fungistatic
Comfrey
Demulcent, wound healing
Witch Hazel
Astringent, local anti-inflammatory
Tea Tree oil
antiseptic
Evening primrose oil
Provide GLA, bypassing delta 6 desaturase enzyme function.
Arnica
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, respiratory stimulant, positive inotropic, uterine toner
Bromelain
Anti-inflammatory, anti exudative, prolong prothrombin time
Boswellia (Frankincense)
Anti-inflammatory
Capsicum
Initial reddening, pain, warmth followed by desensitization of nerve fibers
Devils Claw
Bitter tonic, antipyretic, analgesic, weak anti-inflammatory
Feverfew
Inhibit serotonin release form platelets. Antipyretic, toothache, headache,.
Willow Bark
Pain relief (analgesic), anti-inflammatory
Kava
Muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, protective vs. strychnine poisoning. Reduce excitability of limbic system, neuroprotective vs. infarct. Local anesthetic (peripheral). Inhibit MAO-B. Interact w/ GABA-A receptor
Lavender
Potentiates GABA-A, inhibits spontaneous motor activity, sedative
Passion Flower
Reduce spontaneous locomotor activity
St. John’s Wort
Reuptake inhibition for: norepinephrine, 5-HT, dopamine. MAO inhibition, 5-HT1 activation. Down-reg: beta & DR1. Up-reg 5-HTR, alpha1; CYP3A4
Valerian
Indian & Mexican var higher valpotriates. Valerenic acid may decrease GABA degradation. Calming effect. Anti-convulsant. Insomnia? Glutamine->GABA
Wormwood, Aka absinthe
Bitter.
Butcher’s Broom
Venous disorders
Foxglove
Improve heart function
Hawthorn
Increase amplitude heart cxn, up stroke volume, ?lower heart rate? Relax blood vessels via NO stimulation & less breakdown. K channel activator
Horse Chestnut
Lowers edema, increases venous tone
Caraway
carminative
German Chamomile
Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, carminative. Bacteriostatic, fungistatic
Ginger
Antiemetic, cholegogue
Licorice
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis & lipooxygenase
Peppermint
Inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) in liver; antispasmodic on ileum, blocks Ca+-exciting stimuli (Ca antagonist), cholagogue. Topical- Activate cold-sensitive A-delta fibers to inhibit pain.
Turmeric
Cholereyic, cholecystokinetic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, cholagogue, lipid-lowering, antioxidant
Buckthorn
Stimulant laxative– increase cAMP in enterocytes, increase propulsive motility, shorten transit time, decrease water/electrolyte absorption, antiabsorptive, cause tight junctions to leak Na & water back into lumen
Castor
Stimulant laxative– increase cAMP in enterocytes, increase propulsive motility, shorten transit time, decrease water/electrolyte absorption, antiabsorptive, cause tight junctions to leak Na & water back into lumen
Black Tea
Decrease bile acids, increase oxalic acid
Flax/ Linseed
Mucilaginous
Milk Thistle
Antitoxic (stabilizes membranes & antioxidant), promotes regeneration of liver cells via RNA stim. Antifibrotic
Psyllium
Mucilaginous, bulking (reflex peristalsis)
Brewer’s yeast
Increase phagocytosis, B-vitamin source
Senna
Stimulant laxative
Pelargonium
Immune modulator, antimicrobial, supports nitric oxide production, stimulates cytokines, TNF & interferon
Black Cohosh
Reduces serum levels of LH, acts on hormonal regulation. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators.
Chasteberry
Inhibit prolactin (selective stimulation of D2 dopamine receptors
Nettle
Inhibit prostatic aromatase & 5 α-reductase, interact w/SHBG, weak anti-inflammatory
Pumpkin seeds
Δ-7 sterols displace DHT from androgen receptors
Pygeum
inhibit 5 α-reductase & placental aromatase, reduce nocturia
Saw Palmetto
Antiandrogenic. Maybe inhibit 5 α-reductase, inhibit hyperprolactinemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Bearberry
Antibacterial/antiseptic IF urine is alkaline?
Asian Ginseng
CNS stimulation, protective from radiation, infection, toxins, stressors, carb/fat metabolism, RNA/protein biosynthesis, immune stimulant. Promote bifidibacteria
Siberian Ginseng
Protein-anabolic action, increase immunocompetent cells (T, NK, cytotoxic)
Ashwagandha (aka Indian ginseng)
Better RBC, hgb, hair melanin, lower cholesterol. Hypoglycemic
Cat’s Claw
Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumor
Cordyceps
Scavenge ROS, help fatigue, cold intolerance, dizziness, amnesia, tinnitus, hyposexuality
Echinacea, which uses root extracts
Stimulate phagocytosis, some polysacch. Stim Il-1, tumor necrosis factor, interferon
European mistletoe
Stimulate T-lymphocytes & phagocytosis, increased cytokine secretion, increased cytotoxic effect on tumors
Goldenseal
No studies to support immune stimulation. Bitter. Berberine—antimicrobial
Gotu kola
Benefits connective tissue & wounds. Anxiolytic (lower startle response). longevity
Grape seed
Inhibit lipid peroxidation, scavenger free radicals, antioxidant. Inhibit enzymes that degrade extravascular matrix.
Rhodiola
Increase resistance to infection, reduce stress, enhance performance, antioxidant, cardioprotective
Elder
Diaphoretic prob. Only due to heat of tea
Ephedra
Vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, stimulant. Hypertensive. Suppress coughing from mucosal stim. Antitussive. Reduce airway secretions– NOT expectorant
Eucalyptus
Stimulate cold receptors, subjective decongestant, improve nasal air flow, expectorant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antispasmodic, stimulates & breaks up secretions, surfactant-like
Linden
Diaphoretic prob. Only due to heat of tea