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560P Botanical Medicines Herbs - Gerber > Active Constituents > Flashcards

Active Constituents Flashcards

1
Q

Garlic

A

Alliin & allicin

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2
Q

Ginkgo

A

Flavonoid glycosides: quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin. Terpene lactones: ginkgolides A/B/C & bilobalide

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3
Q

Onion

A

Methyl and propyl compounds of cysteine sulfoxide

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4
Q

Oat Bran

A

Gel-forming dietary fiber

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5
Q

Guar Gum

A

Non-soluble fiber

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6
Q

Red Yeast Rice

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (monacolin K)

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7
Q

Aloe vera

A

barbaloin, emodin, glucomannan & acemannan

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8
Q

Chamomile

A

Volatile oil –chamazulene. Alpha-bisabol & bisaboloxides A/B/C . Flavonoids (apigenin) & mucilages

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9
Q

Comfrey

A

Mucilage content, allantoin

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10
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Tannins (gallotannins, hamamelitannin)

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11
Q

Tea Tree oil

A

1,8-cineole (max ?15%), terpinen-4-ol (min 30%). Also alpha-terpineol and linalool

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12
Q

Evening primrose oil

A

gamma-linoleic acid

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13
Q

Arnica

A

Helenalin, other sesquiterpene lactones, flavones

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14
Q

Bromelain

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Boswellia (Frankincense)

A

Boswellic acids

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16
Q

Capsicum

A

capsaicinoids

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17
Q

Devils Claw

A

harpagoside

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18
Q

Feverfew

A

panthenolide

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19
Q

Willow Bark

A

salicin

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20
Q

Hops

A

Humulone, lupulin, lupulone, methylbutenol. Bitter principles degrade in storage

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21
Q

Kava

A

Kavalactones/kavapyrone (kawaib, dihydrokawain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin. Dried herb should have >3.5% kavapyrones calc. as kawain.

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22
Q

Lavender

A

Linalyl acetate, linalool, campher, beta-ocimene, cineol, tannins

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23
Q

Lemon Balm

A

Citronellal, geranial, neral, phenol carboxylic acids (rosmarinic acid)

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24
Q

Passion Flower

A

Flavonoids, coumarin, umbeliferone

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25
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

Napthodianthrones (hypericin, pseudo-h, proto-h, protopseudo-h, cyclopseudo-h), hyperforin. Rutin, xanthone, biflavin

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26
Q

Valerian

A

Possibly valerenic acid & acetoxyvalerenic acid, Valepotriates, Baldrinals

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27
Q

Wormwood, Aka absinthe

A

Sesquiterpene lactones (artabsin and absinthin, up to 70% of oil is thujone and isothujone

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28
Q

Foxglove

A

Cardiac glycosides & precursors

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29
Q

Hawthorn

A

Flavonoids (hyperoside), procyanidins (epicatechin), catechins, triterpenoids, aromatic carboxylic acids, purine derivatives

30
Q

Horse Chestnut

A

Saponins. Triterpene glycosides (aescin). Escin. Std to 16-20% triterpene glycoside (aescin)

31
Q

Caraway

A

Carvone (50-60% of volatile oil) & limonene

32
Q

German Chamomile

A

Terpenoid Volatile oil –chamazulene, Alpha-bisabol & bisaboloxides A/B/C , Flavonoids (apigenin) & mucilages (5-10%)

33
Q

Licorice

A

Glycyrrhizin and flavonoids liquiritin and isoliquiritin

34
Q

Peppermint

A

> 1.2% volatile oil (50-60% menthol,5-10% esters, 5-30% menthone; 6-12% tannins

35
Q

Turmeric

36
Q

Buckthorn

A

Anthraquinone glycosides (glucofrangulin A & B)- less powerful.

37
Q

Castor

A

Triricinolein, saponified to glycerol & ricinoleic acid.

38
Q

Black Tea

A

Tannins, possibly theophylline

39
Q

Flax/ Linseed

A

Mucilages, fatty oil, protein, crude fiber, minerals, cyanogenic glycosides

40
Q

Milk Thistle

A

2-3% Silymarin (4 isomers incl silybinin)

41
Q

Psyllium

A

Mucilages, hemicelluloses

42
Q

Brewer’s yeast

43
Q

Senna

A

3.5-5% C. senna or 2-3% in C. angustifolia anthranoids Need 3%.(sennosides A & B). Anthranoids.

44
Q

Marshmallow

A

5-10% mucilage

45
Q

Meadowsweet

A

Quercetin-4’-glucoside (spiraeoside) tannins, aromatic fractions (trace salicylate)

46
Q

Pelargonium

A

Umckalin, cumarins, tannins

47
Q

Black Cohosh

A

Acetin and cimicifugoside (triterpene glycosides) and formononetin (small amounts, has hormonal activity)

48
Q

Chasteberry

A

Volatile oil, iridoid glycosides agnuside & aucubin bicyclic diterpene derivatives

49
Q

Nettle

A

Phytosterols, triterpene acids, lignans, polysaccharides, simple phenols

50
Q

Pumpkin seeds

A

Linoleic acid, plant sterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, minerals. Effective ones unknown. Pumpkin globulin

51
Q

Pygeum

A

Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, ferulic acid

52
Q

Saw Palmetto

A

Free-form saturated & unsaturated fatty acids, free & conjugated plant sterols

53
Q

Bearberry

A

Phenolic heterosides (arbutin, free aglycone hydroquinone, tannins, flavonoids.

54
Q

Asian Ginseng

A

Ginsenosides (glycosidal saponins, >30. Called Rg1, etc) 0.05% volatile oils

55
Q

Siberian Ginseng

A

Lignan glycosides (liriodendrin & coumarin types, incl. isofraxidin) little saponins

56
Q

Ashwagandha (aka Indian ginseng)

A

Maybe alkaloids, carbs, sterols, fatty/essential oils? Not known.

57
Q

Astralagus

A

Saponins, complex polysaccharides, flavonoids

58
Q

Cat’s Claw

A

Oxindole alkaloids -2 types: pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (immune stimulant) antagonized by tetracyclic OA (

59
Q

Cordyceps

A

Polysaccharide & nucleoside fractions

60
Q

Echinacea, which uses root extracts

A

Echinacein, echinolone, echinoside, polysaccharides

61
Q

Echinacea, which uses juice of aerial parts

A

Polysaccharides, alkamides, others not precisely known

62
Q

European mistletoe

A

Lectins, acid polysaccharides

63
Q

Goldenseal

A

Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine 0.5-6% & hydrastine 1.5-4%)

64
Q

Gotu kola

A

Asiaticoside, madecassoside

65
Q

Grape seed

A

80-85% procyanidins

66
Q

Rhodiola

A

Rosavin, rosin, rosarin (not in other species of rhodiola)

67
Q

Ephedra

A

Ephedrine (an alkaloid)

68
Q

Eucalyptus

A

Cineol(e) aka eucalyptol

69
Q

Ivy Leaf

A

Saponins. Aglycone (oleanoic & 28-hydroxyoleanoic acids), hederin-type monodesmosides.

70
Q

Linden

A

Astringent tannins, mucilage, aromatics

560P Botanical Medicines Herbs - Gerber (7 decks)

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