Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MBBS 2 > Physio viva final > Flashcards

Physio viva final Flashcards

1
Q

Function of dorsal column

A

Carry sensory information of fine touch(tactile sensation),vibration,proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Planning and tuning of skeletal muscle contraction,posture,equilibrium,smooth voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Control reflexes,autonomic,voluntary movement,and group movements for emotional responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Relay station to cortex,cortex alert through connection with RF,centre for crude sensation,and emotional reaction reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of bypothalamus

A

Control of water balance,autonomic,endocrine,emotions,temperature,body weight,metabolism,sexual function,sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ascending and descending tract

A

Sensory,motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ascending tracts and levels

A

Dorsal medial laminiscus and anteriolateral system,dorsal lateral cuneicerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1st ,2nd,3rd neuron of ascending tract

A

E.g dorsal column
1 dorsal root
nucleus gracile and cuneatus
decussate at medulla
2 vpl nucleus of thalamus
E.g anterolateral
3 cortex
1.dorsal root(substantial gelinatonsa)
Decuusate in spinal cord
2 vpl thalamus
3 cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tract responsible for pain and temperature

A

Laterals Spinothalamich tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of pain fibres

A

Slow C fibers
Fast a delta fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurotransmitter released in fast pain

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is touch and types of touch

A

Touch is cutaneous feeling which can be two tyoes crude,fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ganglion definition and location

A

Collection of cell bodies e.g sympathetic parasympathetic ganglia outside CNS ,basal ganglia inside cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Touch pathways

A

Fine touch via dorsal medial laminiscL system and crude touch via anterior sponothalmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crude and fine touch

A

Fine touch localised and crude touch not localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 point discrimination and how far can it be felt

A

Sense of touch felt at two different points when stimulated simultaneously.fingertip 1 to 2 cm,dorsal surface 2 to 5,shoulder 7 to 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Receptors classification

A

Mechanic,thermo,chemo,electromagnetic,nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Receptor potential/graded potential

A

Change in potential of receptor when stimulated caused by opening of certain ions is ftimulus strongenough can cause action potential to be generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pain

A

An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damagr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Receptors organs

A

Cells or organ that detect stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensation and types

A

Mechano,thermo,chemo,em,nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Difference between fast and slow pain

A

Fast:glutamate,0.1 sec,localised,superficial tissue,A delta
Slow:substance p,1 sec,non localised,deep tissue,C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exteroceptors and their location

A

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli originating from outside of the body.Specialized to monitor external environment of body.vibration,pain,vision,sound,pain,temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Somatotropic representation of body in pre motor and sensors areas

A

When a specific part of body is associated with a distinct location in CNS.Homunculus of body specifying labelled line principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Difference between spasticity and rigidity

A

Spasticity:abnormal increase in muscle tone interfering with movement and speech,symptom of chronic UMN lesion,produces more in one direction than other,clasp knife splasyicity,affects antagonist muscles,depends on amplitude and velocity.

Rigidity:inability to relax normally,flexors ans extensor,symptom of Parkinson disease,high muscle tone remain throughout range of movement of joint,sand resistance in all directions,cogwheel rigidity and lead pipe rogidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Test for cerebellar lesions

A

Shuffling gait,past pointing and tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Capsulated,uncapsulated receptor

A

Cap:meissner,oacinianmerkel,ruffian corpuscles
Uncap:free nerve endings,Mackey disc,hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Brain waves and their productions

A

Oscillating electrical voltages in brain measuring a few millionths of a volt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Highest voltage brain waves

A

Delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder characterised by intermittent,sudden,violent,ballistic high amplitude movements involving ipsilateral arm and leg caused by dysfunction in subthalamua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chorea and tremor

A

Movement disorder that caused involuntary,irregular unpredictable muscle movements lesion in putamen
Tremor rhythmic involuntary shaking movement in one or more parts of your body due to muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Posterior ganglion of sympathetic and parasympathetic statem

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

UM and LMN lesion differnces

A

UMNmabove anterior horn cell I spinal cord or nuclei of cranial nerves,increased splasticity,muscle groups of lower limb marked in flexors,upper.imb weakness in extensors,increased deep tendon reflexes superficial reflexes absent,extensor plantar respose(up going toes),late wasting due to disuse,absent fascicukqtion

LMN:anterior horn cell,motor nerve river or Neuromuscular junction
Reduced tone,distal muscle weakness flexors and extensors,deep tension reflexes reduced or absent,plantar response normal or absent,fascilcykation anterior horn cell lesion,wasting usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Difference between root and ramus

A

Roots purely sensory or motor.ramus have both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Difference between dorsal and ventral ramus

A

Dorsal innervate skin and muscles of back,ventral innovate limbs and anterior body skin and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Difference between posterior and ventral root

A

Dorsal sensory ,ventral motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sensory examination

A

Eevaluation of pain ,temp,light touch,position sense,vibration,discriminative sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Differences between anterograde Ns retrograde amnesia

A

Anterograde:new memories not formed characterising lesion or removal of hippocampus
Retrograde:old memories lost characterising thalamus lesion or removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Difference between carotid body and sinus

A

Body:chemoreceptor located in adventotia of bifurcation of common carotid artery monitor blood ph,pco2,po2

Sinus:dilated area at base of ICA superior to bifurcation of Internal and external at level of superior border of thyroid cartilage,baroreceptor control by,hr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain perceived at location other than site of pain ful stimulus/origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mechanism of memory

A

Habitution(negative memory) progressive low influx of calcium ions,close calcium channels,less release of vesicles at synapse
Facilitation-presynaptic neuron release serotonin which activate adenyl cycles and cause more synaptic activity(check notes Physio sap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Dermatome and significance

A

Area of skin supplied. Y one sensory nerve fiber tell us location of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pain pathway

A

Lat and DCML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Proprioception and it’s receptor

A

Kinaesthesia(sense of self movement and body position) sense that lets us perceive location,movement,action of parts of body,includes perception of joint movement and position ,muscle force effort.
Mechano(nruromuscul Spindle,GTO,joint kinaesthetic receptor,vestibular apparatus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Difference between light and crude touch

A

Light touch localised crude touch not localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Significance of EEG

A

Results show changes in brain activity that may be useful in diagnosing brain conditions especially epilepsy and other seizures disoderes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Exaggeration of dopamine and it’s causes

A

Schizophrenia (delusions,hallucinations,disorganised speech,trouble with thinking,
A knot motivation.
Causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dermatome of unmilicus and xiphoif pricess

A

T10,T6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Function of insulin

A

Allow glucose to enter cells and maintain glucose in bloodstream within normal levels by stimulating glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Functions of hormones of hypothalamus

A

TRH:release TSH,CRH:release of ACTH,GnRH:release of LH,FSH,Ghrh:release of gh and Ghih,prolactin inhibitory hormone:cause inhibition of prolactin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Conn syndrome

A

Primary aldosteronism is a rare condition caused by overproduction of hormone aldosterone that control sodium and potassium in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism TSH cinc less than normal

53
Q

Hormones from kidneys

A

Erythropoietin and rennin

54
Q

What happens if TSH is low

A

Less thyroid hormone released since thyroid gland no longer stimulated

55
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormone,maintain dimly physiological cycle,control appetite ,managing sexual behaviour,regulating emotional response and body temp.

56
Q

Glucagon function

A

Increase blood sugar level

57
Q

Somatostatin and growth hormone

A

Somatostatin inhibit gh while gh functions are a decrease utilisation of glucose increased synthesis of protein and fat utilization

58
Q

Addison disease

A

Inability of adrenal cortices to produce sufficient adrenicortical hormones

59
Q

Flight and fight response released from

A

Adrenal gland epinephrinnorepinephrine

60
Q

Definition of hotmones

A

Chemical messengers that send information throughout body

61
Q

Aldosterone function

A

Sodium retention potassium secretion

62
Q

Role of dhea

A

Dedehydroepiandrsterone Hormone that your body naturally produces in adrenal gland,helps produce other hormones including testosterone and estrogen

63
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Adrenal cortex (aldosterone (mineralcorticoid),cortisol(glucocorticoid),androgen and estrogen(sex hormones)

64
Q

Thyroid hormone functions

A

Increased protein synthesis,bmr,lipolysis,respiration,cardiac output

65
Q

Cyclic Amp

A

Second messenger.derivative of ATP and used for intrazellular signal transduction

66
Q

Function of thyroid hormone in gestation

A

Thyroxine(t4),trioiodothorinine(t3) maintain normal physiological prose es especially in CNS where they assist in brain maturation

67
Q

Protein kinase pathway

A

2nd messenger,cyclic Amp is used,dephosphorylate protein is converted into phosphorylase protein

68
Q

Hormones of ant pituitary

A

Lh,fsh,acth,TSH,gh,prolactin

69
Q

Inflammatory hormone

A

Cortisol

70
Q

Lh and fsh are what kinfpdof hormones

A

Glycoprote

71
Q

Most potent stimulus that causes release of gh

A

Hypoglycaemia

72
Q

Most important glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid

A

Cortisol,aldosterone

73
Q

Function of cakcitonin

A

Helps to regulate level of calcium and phosphate in blood opposing action of Parathyroid hormone.acts to reduce calcium levels on blood by less absorption of calcium and storage in bone

74
Q

Goiter

A

Hypothyroidism with enlarged thyroid gland due to defeiciency of iodine

75
Q

Cortisol functions

A

Respond to stress,anti inflammatory,increase body metabolism of glucose and blood amino acids,mobilisation of fat ,suppress immune system

76
Q

Hormone of atria

A

Atrial nariuretic hormone/anp

77
Q

Difference between Cushing syndrome and Cushing dusease

A

Hypersecretion by adrenal cortex cause syndrome while syndrome secondary to excess secretion of acthby anterior pituitary is disease

78
Q

Hormones released in starvation

A

Gh,glucagon,cortisol,th

79
Q

Action of glucagon and insulin on protein

A

Insulin stimulate protein synthesis and storage.glucagon directly stimulate catabolism of protein

80
Q

Mineralcorticoid examples and function

A

Aldosterone (na )

81
Q

How will you differentiate between patient of dwarfism and hypothyroidism

A

HT:buffalo like torso obesity,myxedema,low hr,co

82
Q

Function of parathormone

A

Release of ca by bones into blood stream.Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines.conservation of calcium by kidney.

83
Q

Reflexes of git

A

3 types:entirely enteric nervous system e.f peristalsis,secretion,mixing
Reflexes from prevertebral sypatehich ganglia e.g gastronomic,enterogastric,colonoileal
Reflexes from spinal cord brain stem :pain defecation reflex

84
Q

Hormones of git

A

Cholecystokinin.gastrin,secretin,gastric inhibitory peptide

85
Q

Swallowing mechanism

A

3 stages:voluntary swallowing stage tongue pressure upward backward
Involuntary pharyngeal :stimulate swallowing receptor area afereng impulses from 5 and 9 to medulla cause soft palate close nares,palatopharungeal folds and vocal cords approximate,hyoid bone larynx go up epilglottis cover it esophagus open,superior constrictor pharynx muscles peristalsis. Esopahgeal involuntary stage primary secondary peristalsis gravity

86
Q

Effect Of ans on git

A

Increases /decrease peristalsis ,tone,secretion.contract or relax sphincter

87
Q

Segmentation contraction

A

Occur in small intestine.they are mixing contractions.stretch causes localised concentric contraction at intervals which chop chyme and mix with small intestine secretions

88
Q

Function of secretin and release

A

Released by s cells of duodenum when acid enters duodenum it inhibit git motility and causes pancreas to release bicarbonate and bile duct

89
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Gastrin released by g cells of stomach on stomach distension which stimulate stomach motility

90
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions in git wall which cause analward movement of food

91
Q

Function of cck

A

Released by cells of duodenum when fat and amino acids come in duodenum they inhibit stomach emptying and motilityand stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion.they cause gall bladder to contract to release bile and sphincter of oddi to relax.

92
Q

Motor function of stomach

A

Store food (1-1.5l)mixing of food into chyme,emptying of chyme from stomach to small intestine

93
Q

Components function,location of enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric/Auerbach(in smooth muscle layer) -peristalsis
Meissner/sybmucossal-secretion,blood flow,sensory

94
Q

Movement in small intestine

A

Mixing /segmentation,propulsive

95
Q

Basic stages of digestive process

A

Ingestion,digestion,secretion,absorption,excretion

96
Q

Gastric movements

A

2.weak peristaltic constrictor waves (mixing ,weak propulsion),powerful peristaltic constrictor rings(propulsive,mix due to retropulsiom)

97
Q

Action of parasympathetic and sympathisch stimulation on sphincter

A

Relax/contract

98
Q

Intestinal type of movements

A

Mixing(segmentation ),propulsive apcaused by entry of chyme and gastroenteritis reflex

99
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Weak intrinsic defecation reflex caused by myenteric plexus and parasympathetic defection reflex caused by sacral spinal cord

100
Q

Functions of saliva

A

7:mechanical(speech,prevent injury,chewing),digestive(ptyalin),excretory,oral hygiene(pathogenic bacteria wash away and liked by lysozyme),taste sensation,water balance mantainence by thirst mechanism,buffering action by bicarbonate

101
Q

Enzymes of saliva

A

Amylase,lingual lipase

102
Q

Daily secretion of saliva

A

0.5 to 1.5 l

103
Q

Main enzyme in protein digestion

A

Pepsin

104
Q

Ptyalin

A

Has alphaamylase found in saliva responsible for breaking down starch to maltose

105
Q

Gastric secretion

A

Single cell mucus glands- mucus
Oxyntuc glands
1)mucus neck-mucus and Pepsi open
2)peptic/chief- pepsinogen
3)oxyntic/parietal- Hal and intrinsic factor
Pyloric glands- pepsinogen,gastrin,mucus
Cardiac glands- mucus

106
Q

Pancreatic secretion

A

Proteolytic enzymes(trypsinogen,chymotrypsinogen)
Carbohydrate splitting enzymes(pancreatic amylase)
Lipolytic enzymes(pancreatic lipase) and bicarbonate

107
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Digest proteins,lipids,carbs
Neutralise gastric acid

108
Q

Constituents of gall bladder bile

A

Bile(bile salts,lipids,bile pigments,water,inorganic salts)

109
Q

Function of bile acids

A

They form bile salts emulsifying of fats and. Michelle formation and ferrying function

110
Q

Functions of bile

A

1)Emulsification of fats,2)excretion of metals,toxins,bacteria,bile pigments 3)bile salts stimulate intestine peristalsis and secretio of bile,4( neutralise acidic chyme

111
Q

How is bile released

A

Formed by hepatic cells secretes into bile canaciuli-terminal bile ducts-hepatic duct-common bile duct -directly into duodenum or diverted through cystic duct into gall bladder

112
Q

Functions of gall bladder

A

Store bile,concentrate bile salts and lipids,absorb electrolytes from bile

113
Q

Amount of bile secretion

A

700 to 1200 ml

114
Q

Duodenal secretions

A

Compound mucus glands/Brunner gland- mucus,simple cell mucus -mucus,crypts of lieberkuhn(watery fluid like ecf),enetrokinase,protolytic enzymes, Arno hydrate splitting,fat splitting enzymes

115
Q

Pepsin function in protein digestion

A

Bei Gin protein digestion

116
Q

Sucrase

A

Enzyme released in intestinal fluid which digest sucrose to glucose and fructose

117
Q

Name of git enzymes

A

Alphaamylase,pepsinogen,gastric lipase,gastric amylase,gelatinise,proteolytic,carbohydrate splitting,lipolytic ,enterokinase,

118
Q

Mucin

A

Large proteins with repeating amino acids that are glyosylated.mucin+water form mucus that serve as physical barrier that protect epithelial cells from pathogens and mechanical damage

119
Q

Epwgat is monochromatic light

A

Light with single wavelength

120
Q

Aclorhydria

A

Inability to secrete hcl

121
Q

Vomiting reflex

A

Reflex loss of upper gastrointes Contents through mouth

122
Q

Consequences of hyper gastriemia

A

Peptic ulcer

123
Q

Metabolic pathways and organs in starvation

A
124
Q

Malnutrition

A
125
Q

Marasmus

A
126
Q

Kwashiorkor

A
127
Q

Functions of hormones of ant pituitary

A

Gh-protein synthesis and growth
TSH-synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
ACTH-synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones
Prolactin-development of female breasts and secretion of milk
Fsh-growth of follicles in ovaries and speed maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
Lh-testosterone synthesis in leidig cells,ovulation,formulation of corpus Leute um,estrogen progesterone synthesis in ovaries

128
Q

Clinical significance of low and high t3 and t4 hormones

A
129
Q

Difference between creationism and dwarfism

A

MBBS 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions