Physio viva final Flashcards
Function of dorsal column
Carry sensory information of fine touch(tactile sensation),vibration,proprioception
Function of cerebellum
Planning and tuning of skeletal muscle contraction,posture,equilibrium,smooth voluntary movements
Function of basal ganglia
Control reflexes,autonomic,voluntary movement,and group movements for emotional responses
Function of thalamus
Relay station to cortex,cortex alert through connection with RF,centre for crude sensation,and emotional reaction reflexes
Function of bypothalamus
Control of water balance,autonomic,endocrine,emotions,temperature,body weight,metabolism,sexual function,sleep
Ascending and descending tract
Sensory,motor
Ascending tracts and levels
Dorsal medial laminiscus and anteriolateral system,dorsal lateral cuneicerebellar
1st ,2nd,3rd neuron of ascending tract
E.g dorsal column
1 dorsal root
nucleus gracile and cuneatus
decussate at medulla
2 vpl nucleus of thalamus
E.g anterolateral
3 cortex
1.dorsal root(substantial gelinatonsa)
Decuusate in spinal cord
2 vpl thalamus
3 cortex
Tract responsible for pain and temperature
Laterals Spinothalamich tract
Types of pain fibres
Slow C fibers
Fast a delta fibers
Neurotransmitter released in fast pain
Glutamate
What is touch and types of touch
Touch is cutaneous feeling which can be two tyoes crude,fine
Ganglion definition and location
Collection of cell bodies e.g sympathetic parasympathetic ganglia outside CNS ,basal ganglia inside cns
Touch pathways
Fine touch via dorsal medial laminiscL system and crude touch via anterior sponothalmic
Crude and fine touch
Fine touch localised and crude touch not localised
2 point discrimination and how far can it be felt
Sense of touch felt at two different points when stimulated simultaneously.fingertip 1 to 2 cm,dorsal surface 2 to 5,shoulder 7 to 20
Receptors classification
Mechanic,thermo,chemo,electromagnetic,nociceptors
Receptor potential/graded potential
Change in potential of receptor when stimulated caused by opening of certain ions is ftimulus strongenough can cause action potential to be generated
Pain
An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damagr
Receptors organs
Cells or organ that detect stimulus
Sensation and types
Mechano,thermo,chemo,em,nociceptors
Difference between fast and slow pain
Fast:glutamate,0.1 sec,localised,superficial tissue,A delta
Slow:substance p,1 sec,non localised,deep tissue,C
Exteroceptors and their location
Sensory receptors that detect stimuli originating from outside of the body.Specialized to monitor external environment of body.vibration,pain,vision,sound,pain,temp
Somatotropic representation of body in pre motor and sensors areas
When a specific part of body is associated with a distinct location in CNS.Homunculus of body specifying labelled line principle
Difference between spasticity and rigidity
Spasticity:abnormal increase in muscle tone interfering with movement and speech,symptom of chronic UMN lesion,produces more in one direction than other,clasp knife splasyicity,affects antagonist muscles,depends on amplitude and velocity.
Rigidity:inability to relax normally,flexors ans extensor,symptom of Parkinson disease,high muscle tone remain throughout range of movement of joint,sand resistance in all directions,cogwheel rigidity and lead pipe rogidity
Test for cerebellar lesions
Shuffling gait,past pointing and tone
Capsulated,uncapsulated receptor
Cap:meissner,oacinianmerkel,ruffian corpuscles
Uncap:free nerve endings,Mackey disc,hair follicles
Brain waves and their productions
Oscillating electrical voltages in brain measuring a few millionths of a volt
Highest voltage brain waves
Delta
Hemiballismus
Hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder characterised by intermittent,sudden,violent,ballistic high amplitude movements involving ipsilateral arm and leg caused by dysfunction in subthalamua
Chorea and tremor
Movement disorder that caused involuntary,irregular unpredictable muscle movements lesion in putamen
Tremor rhythmic involuntary shaking movement in one or more parts of your body due to muscle contraction
Posterior ganglion of sympathetic and parasympathetic statem
UM and LMN lesion differnces
UMNmabove anterior horn cell I spinal cord or nuclei of cranial nerves,increased splasticity,muscle groups of lower limb marked in flexors,upper.imb weakness in extensors,increased deep tendon reflexes superficial reflexes absent,extensor plantar respose(up going toes),late wasting due to disuse,absent fascicukqtion
LMN:anterior horn cell,motor nerve river or Neuromuscular junction
Reduced tone,distal muscle weakness flexors and extensors,deep tension reflexes reduced or absent,plantar response normal or absent,fascilcykation anterior horn cell lesion,wasting usually
Difference between root and ramus
Roots purely sensory or motor.ramus have both
Difference between dorsal and ventral ramus
Dorsal innervate skin and muscles of back,ventral innovate limbs and anterior body skin and muscles
Difference between posterior and ventral root
Dorsal sensory ,ventral motor
Sensory examination
Eevaluation of pain ,temp,light touch,position sense,vibration,discriminative sensation
Differences between anterograde Ns retrograde amnesia
Anterograde:new memories not formed characterising lesion or removal of hippocampus
Retrograde:old memories lost characterising thalamus lesion or removal
Difference between carotid body and sinus
Body:chemoreceptor located in adventotia of bifurcation of common carotid artery monitor blood ph,pco2,po2
Sinus:dilated area at base of ICA superior to bifurcation of Internal and external at level of superior border of thyroid cartilage,baroreceptor control by,hr.
Referred pain
Pain perceived at location other than site of pain ful stimulus/origin
Mechanism of memory
Habitution(negative memory) progressive low influx of calcium ions,close calcium channels,less release of vesicles at synapse
Facilitation-presynaptic neuron release serotonin which activate adenyl cycles and cause more synaptic activity(check notes Physio sap)
Dermatome and significance
Area of skin supplied. Y one sensory nerve fiber tell us location of stimulus
Pain pathway
Lat and DCML
Proprioception and it’s receptor
Kinaesthesia(sense of self movement and body position) sense that lets us perceive location,movement,action of parts of body,includes perception of joint movement and position ,muscle force effort.
Mechano(nruromuscul Spindle,GTO,joint kinaesthetic receptor,vestibular apparatus)
Difference between light and crude touch
Light touch localised crude touch not localised
Significance of EEG
Results show changes in brain activity that may be useful in diagnosing brain conditions especially epilepsy and other seizures disoderes
Exaggeration of dopamine and it’s causes
Schizophrenia (delusions,hallucinations,disorganised speech,trouble with thinking,
A knot motivation.
Causes
Dermatome of unmilicus and xiphoif pricess
T10,T6
Function of insulin
Allow glucose to enter cells and maintain glucose in bloodstream within normal levels by stimulating glycogen synthase
Functions of hormones of hypothalamus
TRH:release TSH,CRH:release of ACTH,GnRH:release of LH,FSH,Ghrh:release of gh and Ghih,prolactin inhibitory hormone:cause inhibition of prolactin secretion
Conn syndrome
Primary aldosteronism is a rare condition caused by overproduction of hormone aldosterone that control sodium and potassium in blood
Graves disease
Autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism TSH cinc less than normal
Hormones from kidneys
Erythropoietin and rennin
What happens if TSH is low
Less thyroid hormone released since thyroid gland no longer stimulated
Function of hypothalamus
Releasing hormone,maintain dimly physiological cycle,control appetite ,managing sexual behaviour,regulating emotional response and body temp.
Glucagon function
Increase blood sugar level
Somatostatin and growth hormone
Somatostatin inhibit gh while gh functions are a decrease utilisation of glucose increased synthesis of protein and fat utilization
Addison disease
Inability of adrenal cortices to produce sufficient adrenicortical hormones
Flight and fight response released from
Adrenal gland epinephrinnorepinephrine
Definition of hotmones
Chemical messengers that send information throughout body
Aldosterone function
Sodium retention potassium secretion
Role of dhea
Dedehydroepiandrsterone Hormone that your body naturally produces in adrenal gland,helps produce other hormones including testosterone and estrogen
Adrenal hormones
Adrenal cortex (aldosterone (mineralcorticoid),cortisol(glucocorticoid),androgen and estrogen(sex hormones)
Thyroid hormone functions
Increased protein synthesis,bmr,lipolysis,respiration,cardiac output
Cyclic Amp
Second messenger.derivative of ATP and used for intrazellular signal transduction
Function of thyroid hormone in gestation
Thyroxine(t4),trioiodothorinine(t3) maintain normal physiological prose es especially in CNS where they assist in brain maturation
Protein kinase pathway
2nd messenger,cyclic Amp is used,dephosphorylate protein is converted into phosphorylase protein
Hormones of ant pituitary
Lh,fsh,acth,TSH,gh,prolactin
Inflammatory hormone
Cortisol
Lh and fsh are what kinfpdof hormones
Glycoprote
Most potent stimulus that causes release of gh
Hypoglycaemia
Most important glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid
Cortisol,aldosterone
Function of cakcitonin
Helps to regulate level of calcium and phosphate in blood opposing action of Parathyroid hormone.acts to reduce calcium levels on blood by less absorption of calcium and storage in bone
Goiter
Hypothyroidism with enlarged thyroid gland due to defeiciency of iodine
Cortisol functions
Respond to stress,anti inflammatory,increase body metabolism of glucose and blood amino acids,mobilisation of fat ,suppress immune system
Hormone of atria
Atrial nariuretic hormone/anp
Difference between Cushing syndrome and Cushing dusease
Hypersecretion by adrenal cortex cause syndrome while syndrome secondary to excess secretion of acthby anterior pituitary is disease
Hormones released in starvation
Gh,glucagon,cortisol,th
Action of glucagon and insulin on protein
Insulin stimulate protein synthesis and storage.glucagon directly stimulate catabolism of protein
Mineralcorticoid examples and function
Aldosterone (na )
How will you differentiate between patient of dwarfism and hypothyroidism
HT:buffalo like torso obesity,myxedema,low hr,co
Function of parathormone
Release of ca by bones into blood stream.Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines.conservation of calcium by kidney.
Reflexes of git
3 types:entirely enteric nervous system e.f peristalsis,secretion,mixing
Reflexes from prevertebral sypatehich ganglia e.g gastronomic,enterogastric,colonoileal
Reflexes from spinal cord brain stem :pain defecation reflex
Hormones of git
Cholecystokinin.gastrin,secretin,gastric inhibitory peptide
Swallowing mechanism
3 stages:voluntary swallowing stage tongue pressure upward backward
Involuntary pharyngeal :stimulate swallowing receptor area afereng impulses from 5 and 9 to medulla cause soft palate close nares,palatopharungeal folds and vocal cords approximate,hyoid bone larynx go up epilglottis cover it esophagus open,superior constrictor pharynx muscles peristalsis. Esopahgeal involuntary stage primary secondary peristalsis gravity
Effect Of ans on git
Increases /decrease peristalsis ,tone,secretion.contract or relax sphincter
Segmentation contraction
Occur in small intestine.they are mixing contractions.stretch causes localised concentric contraction at intervals which chop chyme and mix with small intestine secretions
Function of secretin and release
Released by s cells of duodenum when acid enters duodenum it inhibit git motility and causes pancreas to release bicarbonate and bile duct
Function of gastrin
Gastrin released by g cells of stomach on stomach distension which stimulate stomach motility
What is peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions in git wall which cause analward movement of food
Function of cck
Released by cells of duodenum when fat and amino acids come in duodenum they inhibit stomach emptying and motilityand stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion.they cause gall bladder to contract to release bile and sphincter of oddi to relax.
Motor function of stomach
Store food (1-1.5l)mixing of food into chyme,emptying of chyme from stomach to small intestine
Components function,location of enteric nervous system
Myenteric/Auerbach(in smooth muscle layer) -peristalsis
Meissner/sybmucossal-secretion,blood flow,sensory
Movement in small intestine
Mixing /segmentation,propulsive
Basic stages of digestive process
Ingestion,digestion,secretion,absorption,excretion
Gastric movements
2.weak peristaltic constrictor waves (mixing ,weak propulsion),powerful peristaltic constrictor rings(propulsive,mix due to retropulsiom)
Action of parasympathetic and sympathisch stimulation on sphincter
Relax/contract
Intestinal type of movements
Mixing(segmentation ),propulsive apcaused by entry of chyme and gastroenteritis reflex
Defecation reflex
Weak intrinsic defecation reflex caused by myenteric plexus and parasympathetic defection reflex caused by sacral spinal cord
Functions of saliva
7:mechanical(speech,prevent injury,chewing),digestive(ptyalin),excretory,oral hygiene(pathogenic bacteria wash away and liked by lysozyme),taste sensation,water balance mantainence by thirst mechanism,buffering action by bicarbonate
Enzymes of saliva
Amylase,lingual lipase
Daily secretion of saliva
0.5 to 1.5 l
Main enzyme in protein digestion
Pepsin
Ptyalin
Has alphaamylase found in saliva responsible for breaking down starch to maltose
Gastric secretion
Single cell mucus glands- mucus
Oxyntuc glands
1)mucus neck-mucus and Pepsi open
2)peptic/chief- pepsinogen
3)oxyntic/parietal- Hal and intrinsic factor
Pyloric glands- pepsinogen,gastrin,mucus
Cardiac glands- mucus
Pancreatic secretion
Proteolytic enzymes(trypsinogen,chymotrypsinogen)
Carbohydrate splitting enzymes(pancreatic amylase)
Lipolytic enzymes(pancreatic lipase) and bicarbonate
Function of pancreas
Digest proteins,lipids,carbs
Neutralise gastric acid
Constituents of gall bladder bile
Bile(bile salts,lipids,bile pigments,water,inorganic salts)
Function of bile acids
They form bile salts emulsifying of fats and. Michelle formation and ferrying function
Functions of bile
1)Emulsification of fats,2)excretion of metals,toxins,bacteria,bile pigments 3)bile salts stimulate intestine peristalsis and secretio of bile,4( neutralise acidic chyme
How is bile released
Formed by hepatic cells secretes into bile canaciuli-terminal bile ducts-hepatic duct-common bile duct -directly into duodenum or diverted through cystic duct into gall bladder
Functions of gall bladder
Store bile,concentrate bile salts and lipids,absorb electrolytes from bile
Amount of bile secretion
700 to 1200 ml
Duodenal secretions
Compound mucus glands/Brunner gland- mucus,simple cell mucus -mucus,crypts of lieberkuhn(watery fluid like ecf),enetrokinase,protolytic enzymes, Arno hydrate splitting,fat splitting enzymes
Pepsin function in protein digestion
Bei Gin protein digestion
Sucrase
Enzyme released in intestinal fluid which digest sucrose to glucose and fructose
Name of git enzymes
Alphaamylase,pepsinogen,gastric lipase,gastric amylase,gelatinise,proteolytic,carbohydrate splitting,lipolytic ,enterokinase,
Mucin
Large proteins with repeating amino acids that are glyosylated.mucin+water form mucus that serve as physical barrier that protect epithelial cells from pathogens and mechanical damage
Epwgat is monochromatic light
Light with single wavelength
Aclorhydria
Inability to secrete hcl
Vomiting reflex
Reflex loss of upper gastrointes Contents through mouth
Consequences of hyper gastriemia
Peptic ulcer
Metabolic pathways and organs in starvation
Malnutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Functions of hormones of ant pituitary
Gh-protein synthesis and growth
TSH-synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
ACTH-synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones
Prolactin-development of female breasts and secretion of milk
Fsh-growth of follicles in ovaries and speed maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
Lh-testosterone synthesis in leidig cells,ovulation,formulation of corpus Leute um,estrogen progesterone synthesis in ovaries
Clinical significance of low and high t3 and t4 hormones
Difference between creationism and dwarfism
