Neurophysiology +Head and Neck

Question 1

PNS

Answer 1

Connect CNS with body

Question 2

Effectors

Answer 2

Muscle ,glands

Question 3

Integrative function of brain

Answer 3

Channelise and processing of sensory information to carry desired response of nervous sustem

Question 4

Where are sensory info stored for future use

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex

Question 5

Synapse

Answer 5

Communicating pathway between 2 neurons

Question 6

Function of synpase

Answer 6

Storage of info,facilitatiion,determine direction of impulse

Question 7

Facilitation reaction

Answer 7

Passage of impulse become easier if same impulse travels through he synapse again and again

Question 8

Major levels of Ns

Answer 8

*Spinal cord(walking,reflexes)
*lower brain(subconscious activity)
*higher brain(conscious activity)

Question 9

Synapse tyoes

Answer 9

Electrical,Chemical

Question 10

Difference between the 2 synapses

Answer 10

Most are chemical synapses in body,ion channel/neurotransmitter,smooth muscle/CNS,bi /unidirectional,

Question 11

Vesicles formed in

Answer 11

Preshnlatic terminal

Question 12

Neurotransmitter getting energy from

Answer 12

Mitochondria (also provide acetyl group)

Question 13

Receptor type differnce

Answer 13

Ionotropic /metabotropic,ion channel gating/2nd messenger system,immediate changes/prolonged changes

Question 14

Function of g protein

Answer 14

Act as 2nd messenger,causes ‘ effluent,gene transcription,enzyme activate

Question 15

Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

Chemical substance that releases from presynpatic termical to carry information to post synaptic terminal thereby sending impulse forward when an ap comes

Question 16

Which small neurotransmitter does not store in vehicle etc

Answer 16

NO perform metabolic function causes neuronal excitation faster does not disturb Membran potential

Question 17

Neurotransmitter tyoes and difference

Answer 17

Smaller/large, fast acting/slow acting,more quantity/less,less potent/more,cytoplasm synthesis/ribosome synthesis,excitatory or inhibit/(Incrase or decrease receptor no,gene activation or deactivate,prolonged opening of ion channels,metabolic function),glutamate dopamine etc/Hypothalamus releasing hoemones

Question 18

Which hormones excitatory and inhibitory

Answer 18

ACH,Norepinephrine

Question 19

RMP of Nervous system and PNS

Answer 19

-65/-90

Question 20

Nernst potential

Answer 20

It opposes and stops diffusion of sodium ion into neurom

Question 21

RMP Mantained by

Answer 21

NA K pump

Question 22

Soma imp

Answer 22

No resistance electrical conductivity high ap generate here at initial axon terminal has pumps no pumps in soma

Question 23

What influx causes neurotransmitter to release due to ap

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

Presynaptoc inhibition

Answer 24

Anion influx instead of Calcium

Question 25

Characteristics of synaptic transmission

Answer 25

Fatigue,PH(alkalosis epilepsy,acidosis coma),Oxygen,drugs,synaptic delay

Question 26

Types of sensory receptors

Answer 26

Mechano,chemo,thermo,nociceptor,electromagnetic

Question 27

Labelled line principle

Answer 27

Predetermined route from its receptor to its part of brain for the specific action potential

Question 28

Differentiate mechanism

Answer 28

Specificity of recepto for its stimulus

Question 29

Transdduction

Answer 29

Convert any energy to electrical

Question 30

Receptor potential

Answer 30

Change in resting membrane potential due to electrical energy.This is due to change in membrane characterise.

Question 31

Adaptation of receptor

Answer 31

Receptor get used to stimuli e.g pacinian,hair.their intensity and how fast they detect stimuli decrease

Question 32

Tonic receptor

Answer 32

Slowly adapt

Question 33

Rate/Movement/physical receptor

Answer 33

Quickly adapt

Question 34

Summation

Answer 34

Increase intensity of signal for transmiss To higher brain level

Question 35

Types of summations

Answer 35

Spatial:summation of nerve terminal/stimuli Temporal:summation of frequency

Question 36

Neuronal pool

Answer 36

Group of Neurons in NS

Question 37

Neuronal pool divergence

Answer 37

Process through which weak signal Fiber pass their energy on to further fibres leaving a pool to transmit signal.

Question 38

Neuronal pool convergence

Answer 38

Different nerve fibres give signal to 1 neuronal body

Question 39

Continuous signal outlut reason

Answer 39

Long acting synaptic neurotransmitter,positive feedback cycle and not inhibited,cell threshold decreases

Question 40

Neuronal pool exhaustion in brain causes

Answer 40

Epilepsy

Question 41

How is it prevented neuronal pool exhaustion

Answer 41

Fatigue,inhibitory circuits in basal ganglia

Question 42

Brod Mann area

Answer 42

Small divisions of cerebral cortex area(50).histologically and functionally different

Question 43

Visual signals received by

Answer 43

17,18,19 occipital lobe

Question 44

Auditory signals received by

Answer 44

41,42 temporal lobe

Question 45

Highest receptors in body

Answer 45

Lips face

Question 46

Input impulses go to which layer of cortex

Answer 46

4

Question 47

Descending tract start from which layer of cortex

Answer 47

6

Question 48

Sterognosis

Answer 48

Ability to sense shape of object

Question 49

Amorphosynthesis

Answer 49

Sensory deficit due to damage to association area

Question 50

Pain

Answer 50

Uncomforta Sensation caused by tissue damage

Question 51

Pain receptor

Answer 51

Free nerve endings - superficial Slow chronic pain receptors - deep

Question 52

Hyperalgesia

Answer 52

Pain receptors do not adapt instead their sensitivity increases due to incoming stimulus

Question 53

Main cause of. Pain

Answer 53

Bradykinin, k conc ,proteolytic enzyme conc

Question 54

Pain produced due to

Answer 54

Tissue ischemia,muscle spasm

Question 55

Nepspinothalmic pathway

Answer 55

Fast pain

Question 56

Paleospinothamiv patheay

Answer 56

Slow pain

Question 57

Condotomy

Answer 57

Cut pain pathway

Question 58

Analgesia system

Answer 58

Suppressing pain signal pathway

Question 59

Neurotransmitter released in analgesia system which causes supression

Answer 59

Enkephalins main,serotonin

Question 60

Moriphine like agent in body

Answer 60

Opiate