Anatomy viva final Flashcards
1
Q
Histological difference between dendrites anspd axon hillock
A
No nissl substance in axon hillock
2
Q
Atypical and typical neurons
A
Typical neuron has cell body containing nucleus and two or more processes .atypical ?
3
Q
Types of atypical neurons
A
4
Q
Synapse
A
Spaces between one end of nerve and another
5
Q
Cerebellar layer
A
Molecular,purkinjee,granular,
6
Q
Cerebral cortex layers
A
Piriform,ext granular,ext pyramidal,internal granular,internal pyramidal,fusiform
7
Q
Difference between cranial and spinal nerves
A
Cranial:nerves emerging or terminating from brain,12 pairs,designated by serial nerves and numbers,can be sensory,motor or mixed,concerned mainly with head and neck
Spinal:nerves emerging or terminating from sc,31 pairs,according to location on sc,concerned with body below neck,mixed
8
Q
Spina bifida
A
Neural tube defect alpha Leto protein high
9
Q
Anencephaly
A
Neural tube defect alpha ketoprotein high,polyhydramnios
10
Q
Diencephalon gives rise to
A
Thalamus,hypothalamus,post pituitary,pineal gland
11
Q
Rost real beurospore and caudal neurospore close at
A
25,27
12
Q
Amygdala
A
Store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognise similar events in future.responsible for perception of emotion such as anger,fear,sadness,control of aggression
13
Q
Blood supply of visual cortex
A
Post cerebral arteries
14
Q
Roof of 4th ventricles formed by
A
Superior cerebellar peduncle
15
Q
Speech disorder
A
Stuttering,tongue tie(anklyoglossia),apraxia(brain cannot coordinate muscles that enable speech),dysarthia(slurring words)
16
Q
Levels which sc ends
A
Lower border of l1 vertebrae
17
Q
Middle cerebral artery supply
A
internal surface of cerebral hemisphere and temporal pole of brain
18
Q
Basal ganglia
A
Subcortical nuclei responsible for motor control,reward and reinforcement,habit formation, motor learning
19
Q
Internal capsule
A
Two way tract for transmission of info to and from cerebral cortex,lies in inferomeduql portion of each cerebral hemisphere.blood supply from small perforating branches of middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery
20
Q
Association fibers
A
Type of white matter that connect different areas of brain on same hemisphere e,g cingulam
21
Q
Commiseral fibers
A
Axons connect two hemispheres of brain e.f corpus callosum
22
Q
Fascicykus gracious and cuneatus
A
G carry sensory info from lower half of body entering sc at lumbar level
C carry sensory info from upper half of body entering at cervical level
23
Q
Mesolimbic oathway
A
Reward pathway dopaminrgic pathway in brain.pathway connect ventral regimental areas in midbrain to ventral striatum of basal ganglia ventral striatum include nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle
24
Q
Fine touch crude touch
A
DCML,ant spinothalamic
25
Dopamine Eric pathways
Mesolimbic(motivation,desire),mesocortical (emotions),nigrostriatal(involuntary movements and coordination)
Tuberonfindibular(release dopamine to limit secretion of prolactin)
26
Hypothalamus
Control centre of body keep body in homeostasis(body,temp,stress control)
27
Thalamus
Relay station ,sleep,wakefulness,learning,meemory
28
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon(form pons,cerebellum),myelencephalon(medulla )
29
Diencephalon
Central portion of brain consisting of epithalamus,thalamus,sub thalamus,hypothalamus
30
Lateral sulcus
Groove separating temporal from frFrom frontal and parietal lobes insular cortex lie below it.
31
Insular cortex
Involved in emotions processing of tastes motor control
32
Sulcus limitans
Longitudinal Groove separating The developing gray matter into basal(motor)and alar plates(sensory) along length of neural rube
33
White fibres that connect brain stem to cerebellum
Superior inferior and middle peduncles
34
Serotonin
Regulate mood anxiety and happiness
35
Median optic nucleus
Lies in the pre-optic area of the anterior hypothalamus it is involved in osmo regulation thermoregulation and sleep homeostasis
36
Circle of willis
Junction off arteries at the base of the brain begins to form when the right and left internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity and each divides into two main branches anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery
37
Corpus callosum
Large bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain
38
Broca’s area
Concerned with speech production lies in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe damage to it results in broca aphasia difficulty in the forming words or speak Broadman is number 4445
39
Cerebellar disorders dysmetria and dysdia chokinesia
Dysmetria:Inability to control the distance speed and range of motion for coordinated movements
Dysdiachokinesia: slowed or clumsy supination /pronation of upper extremities for example turning doorknob
40
Corticospinal tract
Descending pathway controls movement of the limbs and trunk cortex-internal capsule- brainstem(cerebral crus of brainstem)-decussation at caudal medulla-lateral and ant corticospinal
41
Cerebral peduncles
Connect brainstem to cerebellum and assist in refining motor movements learning new motor skills converting proprioceptive info into balance and positive maintenance
42
Falx cerebri (superior saggital sinus)
Ant to Christa galli of ethmoid bone,post to internal occipital protuberance
43
Tentorium cerebelli(sup petrosal sinus)
Ant to post ethy pod process ant on occipital bone
44
Brodmann area total no
52
45
Cerebellums
Sense of body position balance and equilibrium fine movement coordinated
46
Nuclei of cerebellum
Fastigial,glombose,emboliform,dentate,
47
Types of white fibres of cerebellum
Association commisure projection
48
Spinal tract
Spinothalamic ,dcmlcorticospinal rubrospinal
49
Pyramidal tract
Corticospinal(lat,ant)
50
Extra pyramidal tract
Rrubrospinal,vestibulospinsl,loivospinal,reticulospinal
51
Wernicke area
BRodman‘s number 22 understand speech and language difficulty difficulty in understanding
52
Pons blood supply
Post cerebral artery
53
Cerebellum blood supply
Superior cerebellar anterior inferior cerebellarposterior inferior cerebellar
54
Location of umn
Cerebral cortex
55
Blood supply of brain
56
Branches of internal carotid
Ophthalmic posterior communicating anterior choroid alanterior cerebral middle cerebral
57
Para central gyrus
Medial surface of the hemisphere and is the continuation of Prrecentral gyrusand post central gyrus
58
Nuclei of inferior colliculud
Middle geniculate nucleus for auditory party
59
Dorsal horn nucleus
Substantial gelten Isa,nucleus propius,nucleus dirsalis(Clarke’s nucleus)
60
Facial colliculus
And elevated area located on the floor of the fourth ventricle formed by the fibres of facial nerve looping over the abducens nucleus
61
Floconodular lobe
On the anteroinferior surface of cerebellum receives input from the primary vestibular afferents governs eye movement and body equilibrium during stance and gait
62
Strictures passing through pyramids
Corticospinal or corticobulbar
63
4th ventricle
Anteriorly by pons and Medulla posteriorly by cerebellum inferiorly by spinal cord and spinal canal
64
Blood supply to medulla
Medullary branches of vertebral artery basilar artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery anterior spinal artery
65
Sensation of superior colliculus
Visual reflex
66
Sensation of inferior colliculus
Auditory reflex
67
Connection between brocas and wernicke
Arcuate fasciculus
68
Primary and secondary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
69
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Links the three main nerves which control eye movements the oculomotor trochlear and the abducens nerve as well as the vestibulocochlear nerve
70
Auditory comissure
Fibres connecting the anterior cochlear nuclei in the trapezoid body
71
Trapezoid body
Part of auditory pathway where some of the axons coming from the cochlear nuclei decussate to the other side before travelling onto the superior Olivary nucleus
72
Lacrimal apparatus
Responsible for drainage of lacrimal fluid from the orbit the fluid accumulates in the lachrymal lake in the medial aspect of the eye then it drains to the lacrimal sac dilated end of nasolacrimal duct and empties into the inferior meatus of nasal cavity
73
Parotid gland
Serous secretion lacks mucus
74
Submandibular
Mixed,moderators viscous
75
Sublingual
Viscous contains mucus
76
Endolymph
Fluid inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
77
Perilymph
Fluid between membranous labyrinth and bone enclosing it
78
Corneal layers
Epithelium,bowman layer,Stroma,descemet membrane,endothelium
79
Olfactory bulb
Area on the inferior side of frontal brain where info about smell is processed
80
Tongue tie
Ankyloglossia, A condition in which the fraenulum tether the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
81
Pharyngeal arch derivatives 1
Mandibular arch:malleus ,incus, muscles of mastication anterior belly of digastric Maxillary artery mandibular nerve
82
Pharyngeal arch 2
Hyoid arch:stapes stylohyoid ligament muscles of face posterior belly of digastric artery to stapedius stapedius facial nerve
83
Pharyng Arch 3
Stylopharyngeus internal and common carotid arteries glossopharyngeal nerve
84
Pharyngeal arch 4
Tyroid cartilage Cricothyroid aortic arch subclavicular superior laryngeal nerve
85
Pharyngeal arch 6
Cricoid,arytenoid,muscles of palate,pulmonary artery,recurrent laryngeal nerve
86
Pharyngeal pouch derivatives 1
Eustachian tube tympanic cavity
87
Pharyngeal pouch 2
Palatine tonsil
88
Pharyngeal pouch 3
Inferior parathyroid,thymus
89
Pharyngeal pouch 4-6
Sup parathyroid,ultimobranchial body
90
First pharyngeal cleft derivatives
External auditory meatus
91
Function of thyroid follicular cells
Follicular cells responsible for the production and secretion of tyroid hormones
Para follicular cells secrete hormones called calcitonin which loweris plasma calcium level
92
Histology of thyroid gland
Gland covered by thin connective tissue capsule septa dividing the gland into lobules parenchyma consist of tyroid follicular cells irregular in shape cavity filled with tyro globulin para follicular cells stroma is highly vascular reticular connective tissue lymphocytes plus macrophages
93
Layers ofScalp
5 L skin connective tissue aponeurosis lose areolar tissue pericranium
94
Dangerous area of scalp
4
95
Arterial supply scalp
Branches of internal and external carotid artery internal corroded artery ophthalmic a tree gives off to branches that is supratrochlear supraorbital external crowded Audrey gives three branches superficial temporal austere auricular occipital
96
Supply of scalp nerve
Branches of trigeminal nerve my very ophthalmic Mandy Booter ophthalmic supratrochlear supraorbital masonry zygomaticotemporal my mandibular auriculotemporal cervical nerves Y Leicester occipital interior C2 posterior greater occipital posterior see to turn off the pedal posterior C3 greater auricular interior C2 and c3 Motor supply facial nerve branches temporal and posterior articular
97
Sensory nerve supply of face
Trigeminal ophthalmic maxillary mandibular
98
Branches of facial nerve from parotid plexus
5: muscles of facial expression
99
Parotid gland
Serous salivary gland
100
Importance of pterion
Area between parietal,frontal,temporal bone which is very weak break on trauma cause extralangen rural hematoma high intracranial pressure is he is,hernia.minor diuretics(vomiting ,nausea etc),major burr holes
101
Muscles of infratemporal fossae
Muscles of mastication:lateral and medial pterygoid
102
Types of salivary glands according to secretioms
submandibular (Serous !,mucus)sub lingual (mucus!,serous),parotid(serous)
103
Temperomandibular joint formed by
Auriculer tubercle(temporal bone(,mandibular head and fossa,articulate disk makes direct contact make it synovial covered with fibrocartilage
104
Muscles of mastication and nerve supply
Masseter,temporalis,medial and lateral pterygoid (mandibular division of trigrminal nerve)
105
Origin and insertion of masseter
O:s:maxillary process of zygomatic bone,d:zygomatic arch of temporal bone,I:ramus of mandible
106
Pterygopalatine fossa
Made in between maxilla, spneoid,palatine connected to nasal cavity,orbit,infra temporal fossa,oral cavity has pterygopalayine ganglion,maxillary nerve,maxillary artery
107
Extraocular muscles,their action and nerve supply
LR6 SO4 R3
Levator palpable superioris:raise upper eyelid
So:down and lat
Io:up and lat
Sr:up and med
Ir:down and med
Mr:med
Lr:lat
108
Nerves present in orbit
3,4,6 optic ,branches of ophthalmic
109
Origin of facial artery
Anterior surface of external carotid artery
110
Which nerve is damaged when you can’t open your eyes
Occolumotor
111
Contents of optic canal
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
112
Contents of superior orbital fissure lateral to emdial
3 parts:l:sov,lacrimal nerve,frontal nerve,4,lacrimal artery
Mid:3,nasociliary nerve,6
Me:sympathetic nerves
113
Increased cranial pressure causes papilledema in both eyes how
As venous drainage from retina slowed causing edema of eye
114
General anatomy of ear
3 parts external,middle,internal ear.ext( auricle,external acoustic meatus),middle(tympanic cavity,membrane,epitypamic recess),internal (membranous,bony labyrinth)
115
Contents of internal acoustic meatus
Labyrinthine artery,vestibular ganglion,7,8
116
Concha
Depression in external ear,start of external acoustic meatus
117
Meatus
Canal from out to in.2 in ear external and internal acoustic meatus
118
Ossicles
Malleus,incus,stapes
119
Arterial supply of tip of nose
Kiesel ach plexus
120
Kiesselbach/little area of nose
Lower anterior part of nasal septum
121
Nasal septum and bones for mining it
Sphenoid,vomer,ethmoid,frontal ,nasal
122
Sinuses of head
4 maxillary,sphenoid,ethmoid,frontal
123
Internal acoustic meatus
Part of middle ear has ossicles for sound conduction
124
Nerve supply of tongue
Motor:hypoglssal nerve except platogosuus(pharyngeal plexus m:vagus n)
Ant 2/3 sensory:lingual nerve(trigeminal)
Ant 2/3 taste:chorda typani(facial nerve)
Post 1/3 :glossophayngel nerve
Post:internal laryngeal nerve(vagus)
125
Tongue tie
Failure of sculpting apoptosis,excess frenulum,tongue attached inferior lay,movement speech action decrease
126
Muscles of soft palate with nerve supply
Tensor veli palitini(nerve to medial pterygoig (trigemianl)
Levator Cali palitini,muscluus uvulae,plataopharyngeus,palate gloss US (pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve)
127
Branches of external carotid arterues
Superficial temporal,maxillary,facial,lingual,ascending pharyngeal,sup thyroid,post auricular,occipital
128
Branches of internal carotid artery in neck
No branches
129
Muscles of smiling
Zygomatic US major,minor
130
Inner action of buccinator
Buccaneers branch of facial nerve
131
Branches of facial nerve
Facial canal(greater petrosal,nerve to stapedius,chorda tympani)
Stylomastoid foramen(posterior auricular,digastric,stylohyoid)
Terminal(buccal,cervical,temporal,zygomatic,mandibular)
132
Branches of mandibular nerve
Main trunk(meningeal,nerve to medial pterygoid)
Anterior trunk(buccal,Massetric,deep temporal,nerve to lateral pterygoid)
Posterior trunk(auriculotemporal,lingual,inferior alveolar,nerve to lylohyoid,mental)
133
Fontanelles
Anterior(site of membranous gap in fetal skull close at 1 to 1.5 years at Bergman meeting point between coronal and sag Gita let sutures)posterior(site of membranous gap in fetal skull close at 2 to 3 months of age at lambda meeting point between saggital and lamboid sutures)
134
Location of thyroid cartilage
C4
135
Contents of hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve and vessels
136
Content of carotid sheath
Common carotid artery,iNternal jugular vein,vagus nerve (10)
137
Suprahyoid infrahyoid muscles
Suprahyoid:DONT STOP MY GIRL(digastric,stylohyoid,mylohyoid,geniohyoid)
Infrahyoid:OH STOP THAT(omohyoid,sternohyoid,sternothyroid,thyrothyroid)
138
Boundaries of anterior triangle of neck
Sup:inferior border of mandible
Lat:anterior border of sternocleidomastod
Med:saggital line in midline of neck
139
Boundaries of posterior triangle of neck
Ant:post sternocleidomastoid
Post:ant trapezius
Inf:middle 1/3 clavicle
140
External jugular vein
Formed by retro mandibular and posterior auricular vein drains head and neck goes into subclavian vein at level of posterior traingle of neck.Is a dangerous area as trauma to it might cause medical emergency
141
Action of sternocleidomastoid
Rotation of head to opposite side/oblique rotation of head
Flex neck extend head
142
Walleyed ring
Ring of tonsils:lingual,pharyngeal,tubal and palatine that make the first line of defence against pathogens in nasopharyngeal or oropharynx area
143
Muscles of pharynx
Circular(superior middle inferior pharyngeal constrictor) longitudinal(stylopharyngeus,palatopharyngeus,salpingopharyngeus)
144
Innervation of stylopharyngeus
Glossopharyngeal nerve
145
Thyroid gland blood and nerve supply
Superior,inferior thyroid artery and thyroid ima artery.
Nerve:middle superior inferior cervical ganglion sympatethic
146
Thyroid cartilage
Hyaline cartilage protect and support vocal cords forms front part of larynx and Adam’s apple c4 c5
147
Internal jugular vein tributaries
MOSPIL-C middle thyroid veins,occipital vein,superior thyroid pharyngeAl,inferior pterosal sinus,lingual vein,common facial vein
148
Contents of foramen ovale
MNdibular nerve,lesser petrosal nerve
149
Rods and cones
Light receptors in retina and give phototopic or scoot pic vision
150
Middle cranial fossa boundary
Ant:posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid
Post:dorsum sellae of sphenoid
Lat: greater wing of sphenoid,parietal,squamous temporal bone
Floor:body of sphenoid ,greater wing of sphenoid!petrosal and squamous temporal
151
Base of skull
Anterior middle and posterior cranial fossa
152
Fractures i. Skull
Sites:parietal area of vault,middle cranial fossa
Bones:nasal,mandible
153
Branches of ophthalmic artery
Central artery of retina,posterior ciliary arteries,supratrochlear,supra orbital,anterior etymoidal,medial Palpebral,lacrimal
154
Branches of facial artery
Ascending o palatine,ascending Tonsillar,submental,glandular branches to submandibular gland
155
Trachea
Windpipe c6 to t4
156
Histology of liver
Hepatocytes arranged into lobules(structural unit of liver) they have central vein and around heaxagonal lobules partial triad is present hepatic artery vein bile duct.
157
Portal triad
Hepatic artery,hepatic vein,bile duct branch
158
Lymph nodes of liver
Bare area/post:post mediastinal/phrenic
Ant:hepatic lymph nodes—colic lymph nodes—cistern a chyli
159
Lobes of liver
Right and left divided by falciform ligament.caudate lobe and Quadrate divided by Porta hepatis
160
Blood supply of liver
Hepatic portal vein ,hepatic artery(non parenchyma)
161
Bare area of liver
Posterior part of diaphragmatic surface,has no visceral peritoneum and directly in contact with diaphragm
162
Where does fluid accumulate in ascites
Deepest part of peritoneal cavity when toying flat,between visceral surface of liver and right kidney
163
Largest gland of body
Liver
164
Largest gland of body
Liver
165
Ligaments of liver
Falciform(anterosuperior surface and anterior abdominal wall/inferior diaphragm)coronary(sup liver surface and inf diaphragm)triangular(R:sup part of right lobe and diaphragm,L: sup part of left lobe and diaphragm),lesser omentum (liver and lesser curvature ion stomach and first part of duodenum)
166
Structures leaving porta hepatis
Hepatic duct,hepatic artery,portal vein,hepatic lymph nodes,sympatethic parasympathetic nerves
167
Liver location
Right hypochondriac to epigastric region and extend into left hypochondrium
168
Divisons of stomach
Cardia,Fundus,Body,pylorus
168
Divisons of stomach
Cardia,Fundus,Body,pylorus
169
Blood supply and venous drainage of stomach
Lesser curvature:right (proper hepatic—common hepatic)and left gastric (celiac trunk)arteries
greater curvature :short gastric +right (gastroduodenal—common hepatic)and left gastroomental (splenic —celiac trunk)
Venous:right and left gastric veins(hepatic portal),right and left gastroomental (superior mesenteric- portal vein)
170
Blood supply of greater curvature of stomach
Short gastric and right and left gastroomental
171
Structure of stomach bed
Group of structures behind stomach I.e left crus,dome of diaphragm,spleen,splenic artery,left suprarenal gland,left kidney,transverse mesocolon,pancreas
172
Ligaments of stomach
Greater omentum:greater curvature to transverse colon
(Gastrophrenic,gastroscope ich)Lesser omentum:lesser curvature to liver(and duodenum)(gastrohrpatic,gastroduodenal)
173
Layers of stomach and muscles
Mucosa,submucosa,muscularis,Serosa
Outer longitudinal,middle circular,inner oblique
174
Peyer patch in git
InSmall intestine mucosa
175
Mucosa of stomach
Lines lumen has epithelial tissue and gastric glands which secrete gastric juice
176
Greater and lesser omentum and their contents
Greater:right and left gastroomental vessels,fat
Lesser:right free margin has portal vein,bile duct,hepatic artery
177
Level of bifurcation of aorta
At l4 vertebra and branch into common iliac arteries
178
Formation of ivc and level
At l4 by joint of common iliac veins
179
Epiploic foramen and boundaries
Vertical opening through which greater and lesser sac communicate
Boundaries:ant:right free margin of lesser omentum
Post:ivc
Sup:caudate process of caudate lobe of liver
Inf:duodenum1
180
Nerve supply of umbilicus
T10
181
Ending level of abdominal aorta
L4
182
Another name of o mental sac
Lesser sac or omental bursa
183
Regions of abdomen
Hypochondriac epigastric lumbar umbilicus iliac hypogastrium
184
Abdominal aorta level
T10 to l4
185
Characteristic features of ileum
Peyer patches and villi
186
Perotinitis
Inflammation of peritoneum
187
Formation of hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric and splenic vein
188
Blood supply of duodenum
Above major duodenal papilla:gastroduodenal artery—common hepatic artery—celiac trunk
Below:inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery—superior mesenteric artery
189
Recurs sheath and it’s contents
Sheath formed by aponeurosis of external and internal oblique and tranversus abdominis muscle
Has recurs abdominis,pyramidal is,ant rami of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae,superior and inferior epigastric vessels,lymphatics
190
Branches of abdominal aorta
Ant:celiac trunk,superior and inferior mesenteric
Lat(visceral)suprarenal,renal,testicular/ovarian
Lat(abdominal wall):inferior phrenic ,4 lumbar,
Terminal:right and left common iliac,median sacral
191
Nerve and blood supply of peritoneum
P:phrenic nerve,lower 6 thoracic nerves,first lumbar nerve,obturator nerve,
V:autonomic afferent nerves,blood supply same as underlying viscera e,g stomach,spleen,liver
192
Ligaments of spleen
Spleorenal(spleen Hilmar and left kidney)
Gastrosplenic lig(spleen and greater curvature of stomach)
193
Branches of celiac artery
Left gastric,splenic,hepatic
194
Nerve supply of spleen
Celiac plexus
195
Organs which are retroperitoneal
SAD PUCKER(supra renal gland,aorta,duodenum,pancreas(not tail),ureters,colon,kidney,esophagus,rectum
196
Diaphragm crossing level of esopahgus and ivc
T10,t8
197
Blood supply of foregut
Celiac trunk
198
Blood supply of midgut
Superior mesenteric artery
199
Blood supply of hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery
