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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Perineum

A

Diamond shaped space between external genetelia and anus

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2
Q

Perineum separated from pelvic cavity by

A

Pelvic floor

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3
Q

Function of perineum

A

Urogenital and GIT system;micturition,defecation,SI,childbirth

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4
Q

Anatomical borders of perineum

A

Ant:pubic symphysis
Post:tip of coccyx
Lat:ischiopubic rami,Ischias tuberosity,sacrotuberous ligament
Roof:pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm
Base:skin and fascia

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5
Q

Perineum divided into urogenital and anal triangle by imaginary line between

A

Ischial tuberosity

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6
Q

Surface borders of perineum

A

Ant;mons pubis females,base of penis males
Lat:medial surface of thigh
Post:superior end of intergliuteal cleft

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7
Q

Anal triangle boundaries

A

Post:coccyx
Ant:ischial tuberosity transverse line
Lat:sacrotuberous ligament

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8
Q

Contents

A

Anal aperture – the opening of the anus.
External anal sphincter muscle – voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing the anus.
Ischioanal fossae (x2) – spaces located laterally to the anus.

Pudendal nerve(somatic fibers to perineum)

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9
Q

Function of ischioanal fossae

A

Fat,CT allow for expansion of anal canal during defecation

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10
Q

Contents of fossae

A

Pudendal nerve(pudendal/Alcock canal ——obturator inter US fascia split also has internal pudendal vessels)
Inferior rectal vessels,internal pudendal vessels,perineal branches of post femoral cutaneous nerve

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11
Q

Occasionally Abscess in fossae extend by

A

Anoccocygeal fossae

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12
Q

Muscle of analtriangle

A

Obturator internes,external anal sphincter,lavator ani,coccygeus

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13
Q

Water tight seal of anal canal formed by

A

Corrugator Curtis muscle

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14
Q

Urogenital triangle boundaries

A

Ant:pubic symphysis
Post:ischial tuberosity
Lat:ischiopubic rami
Functions:urogenital system

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15
Q

Layers of urogenital triangle

A

Deep perineal pouch(external urethral sphincter,urethra,vagina,males:bulbourethral glands,Deep transverse perineal muscles)
Perineal membrane (urethra,vagina,attaches muscles of external genitalia)
Superficial perineal pouch (erteile tissue that form penis,clitoris,ischiocavernosus,bublospongiosus,superficial transverse perineal muscles,Bartholon glands)
Perineal fascia(deep fascia-xx covers perineal muscles and penis,clitoris,superficial fascai -xxx superficial layer,Cole’s fascia)
Skin(urethral ,vaginal orifices)

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16
Q

Anal triangle has all layers except

A

Perineal membrane

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17
Q

Perineal body

A

Fibromuscular mass at junction between urogenital and anal triangle attaches Levator ani,bublospongiosus,superficial deep transverse perineal muscles,external anal and urethral sphincter,acts as tear resistant body in females by supporting posterior vaginal wall against prolapse. Support pelvic floor.

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18
Q

Neurovascular supply to triangles

A

Pudendal nerve(S2 to S4),Internal pudendal artery(Alcock canal)

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19
Q

Bartholinitis

A

Infected and inflamed bartholin glands(fluid filled cysts when duct blocked) caused by bacteria staphylococcus spp,es Cheri his coil.

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20
Q

Contents of greater sciatic foramen

A

Suprapiriformis:Superior gluteal vessels Infpiriformis:Nerve to obturator internus and Quadrat us femoris,inferior gluteal vessels,post femoral cutaneous nerve,sciatic and pudendal nerve

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21
Q

Contents of lesser sciatic foramen

A

Internal pudendal A,V,pudendal nerve,obturator internus tendon,nerve to obturator internus

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22
Q

Pelvic floor is formed by

A

Levator ani,coccygeus,fascia covering of muscle

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23
Q

Levator ani muscles

A

Pubicoccygeus,illiococcocygeus,publrectalis

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24
Q

Pelvic floor nervous supply

A

Ant s4,pudendal nerve perineal branch S2 to #
S4

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25
Pelvic floor hiatus
Urogenital(urethra,vagina) Rectal(anal canal)
26
Function of pelvic floor
Support of a domino pelvic viscera(tonic contraction),resistance to increase in intraabdominal pressure,urinary and fecal continence(relaxation)
27
Ureteric calculus
Kidney stone
28
Constrictions of uretr
Ureteropelvic junction,pelvic brim,bladder ureter junction
29
Damage to ureter can be seen in
Oophorectomy. (Post to ovaries),hyperectomy(ant to uterine artery),post to vas deferens
30
Neurovasculature of ureter
A:aorta,renal,gonadal (Pelvic:superior inferior vesical) N:testicular/ovarian,renal hypo gastric plexus
31
Sensory supply dermatome of ureter
T11 to L2 ureteric pain
32
Muscle of bladder
Detrusor,internal external sphicter
33
Arteries and vein of bladder
A:superior inferior vesical arteries (branch of internal iliac),vaginal arteries in females instead of inferior.(obturator and inferior gluteal minor) V:vesicle venous plexus drains into internal iliac vein.(continuous with prostatic venous plexus/plexus of santorini in males which get from dorsal vein of penis)
34
Nervous supply of urinary bladder
Parasympathetic:pelvic nerve(s2 to s4;contract detrusor muscle,micturituion) Symp:(hypogastric nerve(t12 to l2,relaxation of detrusor,urine retention) Somatic: pidendal nerve(s2 to s4, voluntary control)
35
Bladder stretch reflex does not persist in adulthood sometimes it does why
Spinal injuries,neurodegenerative disease
36
Neurovasculature of male urethra
A:Inferior vesicle(internal iliac),bulbourethral(internal pudendal),internal pudendal L:obturator,internal iliac( 1,2),deep superficial inguinal V:prostatic plexus
37
Eurovascular supply of female urethra
A:internal pudendal,vaginal,inferior vesicle(vaginal) N:vesicle plexus,pudendal nerve, L:internal iliac,superficial inguilnal
38
Ligaments of penis
Suspensory,fundiform
39
Neurovascular supply of penis
A:deep and dorsal arteries of penis,bulbourethral V:deep and superficial dorsal vein N:s2 to s4 Sym:dorsal nerves of penis(pudendal nerve) Para:cavernous nerves(peri prostatic nerve plexus)
40
Ceels of testis
Sertoli(spermatozoa maturation),leydig(testosterone production)
41
Neurovascular supply of testis and epididymis
N:testicular plexus(renal and aortic plexus autonomic and sensory fibres) A:testicular artery (abdominal aorta),cremastric (inferior epigastric ),artery to vas deferens(inferior vesicular) V:testicular veins(pampiniform plexus),r =Ivc,l-left renal vein L:paraortic and lumbar
42
Constituents of spermatic cord
Testicular artery.artery to vas deferens,cremastric ,pampiniform plexus,genitofemoral nerve,vas defernens,tesiticu,ar lymphatic vessels,processes vaginalis
43
Function of pampiniform plexus
Heat exchanger
44
Function of vas deferens
Sperm from epididymis to ampulla . Autonomic nerves,microvilli more for this purpose
45
Function of vas deferens
Sperm from epididymis to ampulla . Autonomic nerves,microvilli more for this purpose
46
Function of prostate glands
Break down clotting factors in semen so fluid state during ejaculation and high chances of fertilisation by releasing proteolytic enzymes largest accessory gland of male reproductive system
47
Neurovasculature of prostate gland
A:prostate arteries(internal iliac artery),middle rectal artery ,internal pudendal artery minor V:prostate venous plexus(internal iliac veins) attached to Bateson venous plexus post internal vertebral venous plexus N:inferior hypo gastric plexus L : internal iliac nodes
48
Neurovasculature of bulbourethral glands
A:Ateries to bulb of penis N:hypogastric ,pelvic and pelvic branch of pudendal nerve L:internal and external iliac nodes
49
Seminal vesicles neurovasculature
A:inferiorvesicle,internal pudendal,middle rectal[internal iliac] L>internal and external iliac node N:symp
50
Vulva parts
6:Mons pubis,Labia Majora,labia minora,bartholin glands, vestibule,clitoris,
51
Neurovasculat of vulva
A:internal and external pudendal(internal iliac and femoral respectively) V:pudendal nerve+smaller labia nerves L:superficia Inguinal N:sensory ant:olio inguinal and genital befand of genitofemoral nerve Post sensory:post cut n of thigh,pudendal, Para: cavernous nerves(uterovaginal plexus)
52
Layers of vagina
4: Stratified squamous epithelium,elastic lamina propria,fibromuscular layer,adventitia
53
Neurovasculature of vagina
A:vaginal,uterine artery(internal iliac) V:vaginal venous plexus(internal iliac) L:sup:ext iliac Middle:int iliac Inf:superficial inguinal N:uterovaginal nerve plexus(inf hypogasplexus)autonomic Somatic :deep perineal nerve(pudendal nerve)
54
Neurovascul of cervix
A:uterine artery V:broad ligament plexus(uterine vein) L:iliac,sacral,aortic,inguinal N:inf uterovaginal plexus
55
Secondary sex organ
Uterus (mature during puberty due to sex hormone produced by primary sex organs ovaries in female testes in male)
56
Support of uterus
Tone of pelvic floor,broad,round,ovarian,cardinal,uterosacral
57
Neurovasculature of uterus
A:uterine A V:plexus in broad lig(uterine) L;iliac,aortic,sacral,inguinal N:sym uterovaginal plexus(ant inf hypogastric plexus) Para pelvic splanchnic nerve(s2 to s4) Aff:inf hypogastric Plexus(t 10 to l1)
58
Neurovasculature of uterine tubes
A:ovarian(abdominal aorta)uterine(internal iliac) V:uterine and ovarian vein L;iliac,sacral,aortic node N:sym para ovarine uterine plexus,sensory t 11 to l1
59
Fertilisation and implantation
Ampulla,myometrium of uterus
60
Neurovasculature of ovary
A:ovarian(abdominal aorta),uterine artery V:ovarian vein (L eft renal. Ein,R inferior vena cava) N:ovarian and uterine plexus L:para aortic nodes
61
Neurovasculature of liver
A:hepatic portal vein,hepatic artery(chelicerae trunk) V:hepatic vein(central vein—collecting vein—hepatic—ivc) N:hepatic plexus para:vagus n Symp:coeliac plexus Gilson capsule:lower intercostal nerves L:hepatic lymph nodes (coeliac nodes) Post and bare area:phrenic and post mediastinal(right lymphatic,thoracic duct)
62
Neurovasculature of gall bladder
A:cystic artery (right hepatic artery) V:cystic vein(portal vein) hepatic sinusoids(Fundus,body) N:coeliac plexus Para:vagus nerve L:cystic nodes(hepatic nodes —celiac nodes)
63
Neurovasculature of pancreas
A:splenic artery head—superior and inferior pancretaicoduodenal (celiac trunk )and superior messenteroc V: head- superior me sent Eric branches of hepatic portal vein rest- splenic veins N:para;vagus Sym;splanchic nerve and celiac plexus L:pancreaticosplenal and pyloric(superior mess ant Eric and celiac)
64
Neurova Of spleen
N:celiac plexus A:splenic artery(celiac trunk)and 5 branches make vascular segments of spleen V:splenic vein L:celiac nodes
65
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
66
Neurova Of adrenal gland
A:superior (inferior phrenic) middle(abdominal aorta),inferior adrenal(renal artery) V:right(ivc)and left adrenal(left renal) vein N:celiac plexus ,greater sphlanchiv nerves Sym:t10-l1 L:lumbar lymph nodes(lymphatic plexus capsule,mediulla)
67
Neurovasculature of kidney
L:para aortic V: left and right renal veinsA:renal arteries(abdominal aorta)—ant,post—5 segmental arteries—interlobal arteries(pyramid)—arcuate—interlobular—afferent arteriole (cortex)—glomerulus—efferent arteriole—peritubular network(out 2/3) in 1/3 and medulla =vasa recta N:renal sympathetic plexus
68
Neurovasculature of abdominal esopahgus and thoracic
A:left gastric artery (celiac trunk) ,left inferior phrenic ((thoracic aorta,inferior thyroid artery(thyrocervical trunk)) V:left gastric vein(portal circulation) Azygous vein(systemic circulation)(( azygous and inferior thyroid sym)) N:oesophageal plexus(para:vagaries trunks(dorsal motor nucleus) ((nucleus ambigues))symp:cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunks) L:sup 1/e deep cervical Mid 1/3 sup and Post mediastinal Low 1/3 left gastric,celiac
69
Arterial supply to greater curvature of stomach
Short gastric arteries and right (gastric duodenal—common hepatic ) left gastroomental (splenic—celiac trunk))artery
70
Arterial supply to lesser curvature of stomach
Left gastric artery(celiac trunk) and right gastric( branch of common hepatic artery—celiac trunk)
71
Neurovasculature supply of stomach
V:right and left gastric(hepatic portal),short gastric left and right gastroomental(superior mesenteric) N:para-vagal trunks Sym:t6-t9–greater sphlanchnic —celiac plexus L:gastric and gastroomental (celiac)
72
Difference between Jejunum and ileum
Jejunum Ileum Located in upper left quadrant Located in lower right quadrant Thick intestinal wall Thin intestinal wall Longer vasa recta (straight arteries) Shorter vasa recta Less arcades (arterial loops) More arcades Red in colour Pink in colour
73
Neurovasculature of duodenum
A:gastroduodenal (before papilla;common hepatic artery— coeliac trunk),(after;inferior pancreaticoduodenal(superior mesenteric)j V:hepatic portal L:pacreaticoduodenal and superior mesenteric N:celiac and superior mesenteric plexus
74
Neurovasculature of Jejunum and ileum
A:superior mesenteric (aorta l1)—20 branches anastomoses—arcades—vasa recta V:superior mesenteric L:superior mesenterIc
75
Neurovasculature of cecum
A: ant post decal arteries—ileocolic artery(superior mesenteric) V:ileocolic vein(superior mesenteric) N:ileocolic branch of superior mesenteric plexus(autonomic sym para) L:ileocolic
76
Neurovasculature supply of appendix
A:appendicular artery(ileocolic—superior mesenteric) V:appendicular vein N:ileocloic(superior mesenteric plexus sym t10) L:lymph nodes in me so appendix,ileocolic lymph nodes
77
Difference between small intestine and large intestines
The large intestine has a number of characteristic features, which allows it to be distinguished from the small intestine: Attached to the surface of the large intestine are omental appendices – small pouches of peritoneum, filled with fat. Running longitudinally along the surface of the large bowel are three strips of muscle, known as the teniae coli. They are called the mesocolic, free and omental coli. The teniae coli contract to shorten the wall of the bowel, producing sacculations known as haustra. The large intestine has a much wider diameter compared to the small intestine. These features cease at the rectosigmoid junction, where the smooth muscle of the teniae coli broaden to form a complete layer within the rectum.
78
Neurovasculature of colon
L:superior mesenteric(a,t) inferior mesenteric (d,s)— intestinal lymph trunk—cisterns Chuli—thoracic duct N:superior mesenteric (a,2/3t),para:pelvic splanchnic sym(lumbar splanchnic (inferior mesenteric) V:ileocolic right colic(superior mesenteric (a)),middle colic(sm(t)),left colic(im(d)),sigmoid (im(s))—hepatic portal A:ileocolic(colic,ant and post cecal) right colic(smh(a)) ,right and middle(sm) left colic(I’m((t)),left colic (im((d)),sigmoid(im(s))
79
Neurovasculature of rectum
L:pararectal(im),internal iliac N:sym:lumbar splanchnic and superior and inferior hypoga Plexus,para:pelvic splanchnic (s2-s4),inferior hypogplexus A:superior rectal(I’m),middle rectal(internal iliac),inferior rectal(internal pudendal) V:superior(portal system)middle and inferior rectal veins(systemic)

MBBS 2 (7 decks)

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