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Histology > Physio (The Cardiac Cycle) > Flashcards

Physio (The Cardiac Cycle) Flashcards

1
Q
  • energy needed by heart
  • convert work
  • pumping blood into arteries
A

Stroke Work

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2
Q
  • total energy

- converted to work in 1 minute

A

minute workout

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3
Q

action potential (sinus node) –> A-V bundle –> ventricles

A

Cardiac Cycle

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4
Q
  • major proportion of energy
  • low-pressure veins –> high pa
  • low veins –> high arteries
A

volume-pressure

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5
Q
  • minor proportion of energy
  • accelerates blood
  • velocity of ejection through aortic & pulmonary valve
A

kinetic energy of blood flow

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6
Q
  • 1/6th work output of left ventricle

- six-fold difference in systolic pressure

A

right ventricular external work output

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7
Q
  • blood flows with great velocity through the stenosed valve

- 50% of total work output may be required to create kinetic energy of blood flow

A

aortic stenosis

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8
Q

-specify degree of tension on muscles contracting

A

Preload

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9
Q
  • specify load against

- muscle exerts contractile force

A

afterload

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10
Q
  • preload

- beginning of systole

A

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

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11
Q
  • EDV

- Directly related

A

myocardial sacromeres

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12
Q
  • stops ejections
  • ventricular pressure
  • myocardial contraction < arterial pressure
A

end-systolic volume

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13
Q
  • decreased preload

- e.g., nitroglycerin

A

vENodilators

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14
Q
  • decrease afterload

- e.g., hydralazine

A

vASodilators

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15
Q

-increase with excercise
(slightly)

-increases blood volume
(transfusion)

-excitement (sympathetics)

A

preload

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16
Q
  • at rest
  • severve exercise
  • intrinsic cardiation
  • control of heart rate & strength of heart pumping
  • frank-starling mechanism
  • frank-starling relationship
  • ejection fraction
A

regulation of heart pumping

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17
Q
  • heart pump

- 4 to 6 L blood/min

A

at rest

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18
Q

-4 to 7 times blood/min , than normal (4-6L)

A

severe exercise

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19
Q
  • intrinsic cardiation

- control of heart rate & strength of heart pumping

A

volume pumped by heart regulation

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20
Q
  • response to
  • change in volume
  • blood flowing into the heart
A

intrinsic cardiation

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21
Q

-control of heart rate & strength of heart pumping

A

ANS

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22
Q
  • heart adapts
  • increase volumes of inflowing blood
  • > heart muscle stretch, > amount of blood pumped into the aorta
A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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23
Q
  • increase stroke volume
  • increase cardiac output
  • response to increase of venous return
  • OR response to increase EDV
A

frank-starling relationship

24
Q

SV/EDV=?

A

ejection fraction

25
Q
  • increase K in ECF
  • decrease in membrane potential
  • increase calcium ions
  • decrease of Ca ions
A

Effects of K & Ca ions on heart function

26
Q
  • decrease resting membrane potential

- contractions of heart progressively weaker

A

decrease membrane potential

27
Q
  • decrease resting membrane potential

- cardiac muscle fibers

A

increase K (in ECF)

28
Q
  • heart –> spastic contraction
  • Ca ions initiate cardiac contractile process
  • opposite of K effect
A

increase Ca Ions

29
Q
  • -dilated
  • -flaccid
  • -slow heart rate
A

Heart becomes: increase K (in ECF)

30
Q
  • -large quantities of K

- -from atria –> ventricles (through A-V bundle)

A

block conduction fo cardiac impulse: increase K (in ECF)

31
Q
  • -elevation of K
  • -2 to 3 times the normal valve
  • -weakness of heart
  • -abnormal rhythm (may cause death)
A

K concentration of 8-12 mEq/L: increase K (in ECF)

32
Q

-flaccidity

similar to increase in K

A

decrease of Ca ions

33
Q
  • fever

- increased heart rate

A

increase body temp

34
Q

-decreased heart rate
(few beats/min)

-hypothermia

A

decrease body temp

35
Q

results b/c:
-heat increase permeability
(cardiac muscle membrane –> ions control heart rate)

-increase self-excitation process

A

effects of temp on heart function

36
Q

-prolonged elevation of increased temp
(exhaust metabolic system,
causes weakness)

  • moderate increase in temp
    (e. g., body excercise)

-why the heart depends on control of body temp; VIA temp control mechanism

A

contractile strength of heart

37
Q
  • beta blockade
  • heart failure
  • acidosis
  • hypoxia/hypercapnia
A

decreased stroke volume

AND

decreased contractility

38
Q
  • increased preload
  • increased contractility
  • decreased afterload
A

Increase stroke volume

39
Q
  • btw 2nd & 3rd intercostal spaces
  • at RIGHT UPPER sternal border
  • area of auscultation
A

AoRtic region

40
Q
  • btw 2nd & 3rd intercostal spaces
  • at LEFT UPPER sternal border
  • area of auscultation
A

puLmonic region

41
Q
  • btw 3rd - 6th intercostal spaces
  • at the left lower sternal border
  • area of auscultation
A

tricuspid region

42
Q
  • near apex of heart
  • btw 5th & 6th intercostal spaces
  • in the midline
  • area of auscultation
A

mitral region

43
Q
  • loudest at mitral area

- mitral and tricuspid valve closure

A

S1

44
Q

-aortic & pulmonary valve closure

A

S2

45
Q
  • associated with increased filling pressure
  • more common in dilated ventricles
  • early diastole
  • during rapid ventricular filling phase
  • normal in children & pregnant women
A

S3

46
Q
  • high atrial pressure
  • late diastole
  • associated with ventricular hypertrophy
A

S4

47
Q

-atrial contraction

A

A wave

48
Q

-right ventricle contraction

A

C wave

49
Q

-increased atrial pressure

A

V wave

50
Q
  • a wave
  • c wave
  • v wave
A

jugular venous pulse

51
Q

-timing and pattern of electrical activation of the heart are normal

A

normal sinus rhythm

52
Q
  • action potential that originates in the SA nodes
  • SA nodes impulses regularly at a rate of 60-100 bpm
  • activation of the myocardium is in the right sequence with the right timing
A

normal sinus rhythm qualifications

53
Q

-determined by potassium ions (K+)

A

resting membrane potential

54
Q
  • inward current

- net movement of positive charge into the cell

A

depolarization

55
Q
  • outward current

- net movement of positive charge out of the cell

A

hyperpolarization

56
Q

? = EDV - ESD

A

SV

Histology (10 decks)

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