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Histology > Endocrine System 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Glands with Ducts

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2
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone?

A

steroid

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3
Q

Fun Fact

A

hormones can have a variety of structures. hormones which are proteins include insulin and prolactin. peptide chains are short chains of amino acids.
examples of hormones which are peptide chains are antipyretic hormone and oxytocin. steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives. steroid hormones include testosterone and estradiol. norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.

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4
Q

what organ is nicknamed the master gland?

A

pituitary

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5
Q

what cell type secretes ACTH?

A

corticotropic cells

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6
Q

Fun Fact

A

there are several cell types in the pars distills (anterior pituitary). Lactotropic cells secrete prolactin. thyrotropic cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). somatotropin cells secrete growth hormone. corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). gonadotropic cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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7
Q

where is corpora arenacea found?

A

pineal gland

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8
Q

Fun Fact

A

corpora arenacea is nicknamed “brain sand”. Corpora arenacea is calcification seen in the pineal gland

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9
Q

which gland secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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10
Q

Fun Fact

A

the endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. the thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin. the pineal gland secretes melatonin. the cortex of the adrenal gland secretes a variety of corticosteroids. it secretes mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol), and sex steroids. epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medulla.

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11
Q

which cell type are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?

A

follicular cells

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12
Q

Fun Fact

A

there are 2 cell types in the parathyroid gland: principal cells and oxyphil cells. principal cells are also called chief cells. principal cells are the more prevalent. Oxyphil cells are also found in the parathyroid gland; however, they are not as prevalent as principal cells. there are 2 cell types in the thyroid; follicular cells and parafollicular cells. follicular cells release and store thyroid hormone. parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are also called C cells. they secrete calcitonin. the cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells

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13
Q

where is insulin secreted from?

A

Beta cells

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14
Q

Fun Fact

A

the pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. the endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. within the islets, there are several cell types. the alpha cells secrete glucagon. the beta cells secrete insulin. the delta cells secrete somatostatin. the gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. the acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

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15
Q

which of the following is part of the adrenal gland?

A

Chromaffin cells, Zona reticular, Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata (ALL)

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16
Q

Fun Fact

A

“Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex”

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticular; mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids

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17
Q

which part of the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?

A

Zona fasciculata

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18
Q

Fun fact

A

the adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. the layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are; G.F.R – M.G.S
the cells of the adrenal medulla are chromatin cells. they secrete the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine

19
Q

what type of hormone is insulin?

A

protein

20
Q

what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

21
Q

Fun Fact

A

the pituitary is nicknamed the master gland. the infundibulum connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus. the pituitary can be subdivided into the pars distills, pars intermedia, and pars tubercles. the adenohypophysis (more specifically, the parts distills of the adenohypophysis) secretes tropic hormones. tropic hormones affect cellular activity in their target organ. the neurohypophysis secretes two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

22
Q

which of the following is not part of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars nevosa

23
Q

Fun Fact

A

The pituitary can be subdivided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The
adenohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and
pars tuberalis. The pars distalis is the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The neurohypophysis can
be further sub-divided into the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and median eminence. The
pars nervosa is the posterior lobe.

24
Q

what cell type secretes prolactin?

A

lactotropic cells

25
Q

Fun fact

A

The cells of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) can be classified as acidophils or basophils
depending on their affinity for acid or basic dyes, respectively.
The acidophils are the somatotropic cells and the lactotropic cells. Thus, growth hormone and
prolactin are secreted by acidophilic cells.
The basophils are the gonadotropic cells, corticotropic cells and thyrotropic cells. Thus,
the basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham:
There are two mnemonics to use when thinking of acidophils and basophils of the anterior pituitary.
“GPA” (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils).
“B-FLAT” (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH).

26
Q

which gland secretes calcitonin?

A

thyroid

27
Q

which cell type are also called C cells

A

Parafollicular cells

28
Q

where is glucagon secreted from?

A

alpha cells

29
Q

which of the following is a component of the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

30
Q

what are the cells of the pineal gland called?

A

pinealocytes

31
Q

Fun fact

A

the cells of the pineal gland called pinealocytes. there are also glial cells in the pineal gland. PP cells are cells in the pancreas which secrete pancreatic polypeptide

32
Q

what type of hormone is prolactin?

A

protein

33
Q

where are tropic hormones secreted from?

A

adenohypophysis

34
Q

which of the following is not part of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis

35
Q

what cell type secretes MSH?

A

corticotropic cells

36
Q

which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil?

A

none of the above

37
Q

which gland secretes epinephrine?

A

adrenal gland (medulla)

38
Q

which gland secretes cortisol?

A

adrenal gland (cortex)

39
Q

which cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

40
Q

where is pancreatic polypeptide secreted from?

A

gamma cells

41
Q

which of the following is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasciculata

42
Q

what type of hormone is antidiuretic hormone?

A

Peptide

43
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

Neurohypophysis

44
Q

what cell type secretes LH?

A

Gonadotropic cells

Histology (10 decks)

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