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Unit 7 > Physio Quizzes > Flashcards

Physio Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

APs in GI smooth muscle are stimulated when:

A

slow waves are depolarized above -40mV

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2
Q

APs in the GI are caused by the influx of __

A

Calcium

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3
Q

depolarization of the slow waves can result from (3 things)

A

local stretch (mechanoreceptors acting on enteric nerves), extrinsic nerves, peptides

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4
Q

In the absence of extrinsic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract, motility and secretion would be stimulated by: (four things)

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, hormones

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5
Q

in the SI, peristalsis involves (relaxation/contraction) of the circular muscle proximal to the bolus of the chyme

A

contraction–produces aboral movement of the chyme

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6
Q

the main/strongest contractions of the MMC (migrating myoelectric complex) are during phase (II/III)

A

phase III

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7
Q

a series of contractions that sweep undigested fibers and bacteria into the colon

A

MMC

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8
Q

the hormone ____ stimulates phase III MMC contractions

A

motilin

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9
Q

the MMC occurs during (feeding/fasting/both)

A

fasting

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10
Q

four functions of GI tract

A

secrete endocrine hormones, secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients from chyme, store chyme

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11
Q

a condition in which the LES fails to relax during swallowing

A

achalasia

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12
Q

pressure tracing indicative of achalasia: (low, negative pressure/high, positive pressure)

A

high positive pressure, fails to decrease after swallowing

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13
Q

subatmospheric pressure occur in the esophagus where?

A

where it passes through the chest cavity

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14
Q

migrating motility complexes (MMC) occur about every __ minutes between meals

A

90 min

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15
Q

MMCs are stimulated by which hormone

A

motilin

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16
Q

an absence of MMCs causes an increase in what

A

intestinal bacteria

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17
Q

MMCs (do/do not) have a direct effect on mass movements and swallowing

A

do not

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18
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls gut motility by changing (slow wave frequency/spike potential frequency)

A

spike potential frequency

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19
Q

slow waves in GI smooth muscle are caused by variations in calcium conduction in specialized pacemaker cells called

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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20
Q

the discharge frequency of the pacemaker cells and slow waves is (fixed/variable)

A

fixed

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21
Q

the number of spike potentials associated with a given slow wave is (decreased/increased) by parasymp stimulation

A

increased (and decreased by symp stimulation)

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22
Q

gastrin and secretin (have/do not have) significant effects on gut motility

A

do not have

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23
Q

the (UES/orad stomach) undergoes receptive relaxation when a bolus of food is swallowed

A

orad stomach

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24
Q

salivary secretion is controlled primarily by (symp/parasymp) NS

A

parasymp

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25
Q

when active, acetylcholine release (decreases/increases) salivary secretion and blood flow to the acini

A

increases

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26
Q

blocking cholinergic signaling (increases/decreases) salivary flow and blood flow to the acini

A

decreases

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27
Q

salivary ionic composition is dependent on

A

flow rates

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28
Q

when salivary flow rate decreases, Cl- content (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

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29
Q

when salivary flow rate decreases, K+ concentration (decreases/increases)

A

increases

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30
Q

anticholinergics (increase/decrease) mucus productions by salivary glands

A

decrease

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31
Q

parietal cell gastric acid secretion is regulated directly and indirectly by:

A

the vagus nerve

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32
Q

gastrin stimulates _____ cell acid secretion both directly and indirectly

A

parietal

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33
Q

There is potentiation between _____, gastrin, and acetylcholine so that the combined response is greater than the sum of individual responses

A

histamine

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34
Q

secretions entering the lumen of the stomach (four)

A

lipase, HCl, mucus, intrinsic factor

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35
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is an endocrine hormone secreted from cells in the:

A

duodenum and jejunum

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36
Q

starch digestion is initiated by _____ in the _____

A

salivary alpha amylase in the mouth

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37
Q

pancreatic alpha amylase digests remaining starch into:

A

malto-oligosaccharides

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38
Q

intestinal brush border saccharides digest olidgosaccharides and disaccharides to:

A

monosaccharides

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39
Q

proton pump activity drives ___ ___ secretion and is the target for regulatory hormones, peptides, nerves

A

gastric acid secretion

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40
Q

the proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted mainly from:

A

gastric/oxyntic glands of the stomach

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41
Q

pepsinogen is the precursor of the enzyme

A

pepsin

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42
Q

which cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen

A

peptic/chief cells

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43
Q

to be converted from pepsinogen to pepsin, pepsinogen must come in contact with

A

HCl or pepsin itself

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44
Q

pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that digests collagen and other types of CT in ___ (type of food)

A

meats

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45
Q

the cephalic phase of gastric secretion accounts for about __% of the acid response to a meal and occurs (before/during/after) food enters the stomach

A

30%, before

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46
Q

cephalic phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by

A

seeing, smelling, chewing, anticipating food (mechanoreceptors in mouth, chemoreceptors, hypoglycemia)

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47
Q

cephalic phase of gastric secretion is mediated entirely by:

A

vagus nerve

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48
Q

an antigastrin antibody would (abolish/attenuate) cephalic phase

A

attenuate–because no effect on histamine and acetylcholine stimulation of acid secretion

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49
Q

atropine would (attenuate/abolish) cephalic phase by (stimulating/blocking) ACh receptors on parietal cells

A

attenuate

blocking

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50
Q

atropine (does/does not) abolish ACh stimulation of gastrin secretion

A

does not

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51
Q

a histamine H2 blocker would (attenuate/stimulate/abolish) the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

attenuate

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52
Q

digestion of ____ is impaired in patients with achlorhydria (failure of HCl secretion by stomach)

A

protein

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53
Q

when stomach fails to secrete HCl

A

achlorhydria

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54
Q

how is achlorhydria diagnosed

A

when pH of gastric secretions fails to decrease below 4 after stimulation by pentagastrin

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55
Q

why is protein digestion impaired when HCl is not secreted

A

HCl is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin

56
Q

pentagastrin administered through IV would lead to a less than normal increase in (gastric acid secretion/gastrin secretion)

A

gastric acid secretion

57
Q

major anion in the pancreatic secretions

A

HCO3- (found in higher [ ] than in plasma)

58
Q

[Cl-] is (higher/lower) in the pancreas than in the plasma

A

lower

59
Q

pancreatic secretion is stimulated by the presence of _____ in the duodenum

A

fatty acids

60
Q

(secretin/gastrin) stimulates pancreatic HCO3- secretion

A

secretin

61
Q

(CCK/secretin) stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

CCK

62
Q

pancreatic secretions are (hypotonic/isotonic)

A

isotonic

63
Q

cystic fibrosis is caused by abnormal _____ ion transport on the apical surface of epithelial cells in exocrine gland tissues

A

chloride

64
Q

the (gall bladder/liver bile) has higher bilirubin concentration

A

gall bladder

65
Q

the primary function of CCK in a cholescintigaphy test is:

A

to contract the gall bladder

66
Q

a structure with a small polymolecular aggregate containing bile salts, monoglycerides, and fatty acids as its major constituents

A

micelle

67
Q

purpose of micelle

A

to speed absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides by delivering its contents to the outer surface of the intestinal epithelial cell

68
Q

(fatty acids and monoglycerides/conjugated bile salts) are absorbed chiefly by epithelial cells of duodenum and jejunum

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

69
Q

(fatty acids and monoglycerides/conjugated bile salts) are absorbed in the terminal ileum

A

conjugated bile salts

70
Q

____ and ____ acids are produced in the small or large intestine from the primary bile acids or bile salts by bacterial action.

A

Deoxycholic and lithocholic (called secondary bile acids)

71
Q

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are conjugated in the liver with ____ and ____

A

taurine and glycine (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are primary bile acids)

72
Q

(decreased/increased) fat absorption in the small intestine results from the deconjugation of bile salts by microorganisms

A

decreased

73
Q

bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine can cause (increased/decreased) fat absorption

A

decreased

74
Q

removal of the terminal ileum causes an (decreased/increased) synthesis of bile salts by the liver

A

increased

75
Q

the gallbladder will (relax/contract) in response to emotional stimuli such as hostility, as well as in response to food in the mouth

A

contract

76
Q

The concentration of sodium in gallbladder bile is approximately (half/twice) that in hepatic duct bile

A

twice

77
Q

produced by duodenal cells and increase either the volume or the enzyme content of the exocrine secretion of the pancreas

A

secretin and CCK

78
Q

converted to chymotrypsin by the action of trypsin

A

chymotrypsin

79
Q

trypsinogen is secreted by the

A

pancreas

80
Q

chymotrypsinogen is secreted by the pancreatic ____ cells

A

acinar

81
Q

____ and ____ reduce polypeptides into smaller peptides

A

chymotrypsin and trypsin

82
Q

insulin is necessary for entry of glucose into the tissues via (GLU4/GLUT1) transporters

A

GLU4

83
Q

(GLU4/GLUT1) transporters are insulin-sensitive transporters present on most cell membranes and insertion of these transporters facilitates glucose entry

A

GLU4

84
Q

what do these things stimulate? GLP-1, aa’s, glucose insulinotropic peptide, fatty acids

A

insulin secretion

85
Q

(GLUT1/GLUT2) transporters are prominent on the pancreas, small intestine , brain, and liver and facilitate entry of glucose into the cells.

A

GLUT2

86
Q

In the β-cell of the pancreas, glucose metabolism (decreases/increases) ATP and reduces K+ (efflux/influx)

A

increases ATP

reduces K efflux

87
Q

reduced K+ efflux (hyperpolarizes/depolarizes) the beta cell in the pancreas, causing Ca influx and release of insulin

A

depolarizes

88
Q

Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone because it increases (glycogenolysis/GLUT4 transporters in adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle membranes)

A

GLUT4 transporters in adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle membranes

89
Q

what is used as an index of the secretory capacity of the endocrine pancreas

A

C-peptide

90
Q

what factor is responsible for the observation that an oral glucose load releases more insulin and is metabolized more rapidly than injected glucose

A

GLIP: glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide–strong stimulator of insulin release

91
Q

somatostatin (stimulates/inhibits) insulin release

A

inhibits

92
Q

amino acids (stimulate/inhibit) insulin release

A

stimulate

93
Q

glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in (liver/muscle/both)

A

liver only

94
Q

cortisol (increases/decreases) gluconeogenesis

A

increases

95
Q

cortisol (increases/decreases) glucose uptake in muscle

A

decreases

96
Q

hypoglycemia (inhibits/stimulates) secretion of growth hormone

A

stimulates

97
Q

hypoglycemia (inhibits/stimulates) secretion of epinephrine

A

stimulates

98
Q

hypoglycemia (inhibits/stimulates) secretion of glucagon

A

stimulates

99
Q

a high protein meal (stimulates/inhibits) insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

A

stimulates all three

100
Q

which process in the SI does not cause Na to accumulate in enterocytes: (absorption of HCO3-/Na-K ATPase/aa absorption/galactose absorption/H+ antiport)

A

Na-K ATPase

101
Q

specific site of absorption of Vit B12

A

distal ileum

102
Q

deficiency of B12 leads to

A

pernicious anemia

103
Q

which disease? flattening of intestinal villi decreases enzymatic digestion and reduces the area for absorption.

A

celiac sprue

104
Q

there (is/is no) limitation to absorption posed by intracellular [B12]

A

is no–the concentration of B12 in enterocytes does not affect the absorption of Vit B12

105
Q

Vit B12 binds with ______ on binding sites in the ileum

A

intrinsic factor

106
Q

site of secretion of intrinsic factor: gastric (fundus/antrum)

A

fundus

107
Q

cells that secrete intrinsic factor

A

parietal (also secete HCl)

108
Q

where are these all absorbed: triglycerides, pyrimidines, Na, neutral aa’s, glucose

A

upper third of small intestine (duodenum and jejunum)

109
Q

(bile salts/triglycerides) are absorbed in the upper third of the SI

A

triglyercides–if bile salts were absorbed there, it would interfere with fat digestion

110
Q

pancreozymin

A

CCK (same thing)

111
Q

secretin causes pronounced increase in ______ secretions

A

pancreatic

112
Q

cholera causes diarrhea because it increases __ (ion) secretory channels in ____ (cell type)

A

Cl- in crypt cells

113
Q

enzymes capable of digesting (nucleic acids/proteins) are only secreted as inactive precursors

A

proteins

114
Q

SGLT-1 mutation–treat with a special diet of (amylopectin/sucrose/fructose/glucose)

A

only fructose

115
Q

congenital lack of (pepsinogen/enterokinase): hypoproteinemia, incapable of protein hydrolysis at neutral pH unless a small amount of trypsin is added

A

congenital lack of enterokinase

116
Q

NPC1L1 knock out: abnormal (triglyceride/cholesterol/phospholipids)

A

cholesterol

117
Q

main digestible carb consumed in human diet

A

starch

118
Q

not normally found in abundance in portal blood: (triglycerides/aa’s/glucose/short chain fatty acids)

A

triglycerides

119
Q

after entering the epithelial cell, fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by the cell’s ___ (organelle) where they are mainly used to form new triglycerides that are released in the form of chylomicrons from the base

A

SER

120
Q

H2 is elevated in breath of people with _____ deficiency

A

lactase– gut bacteria quickly switch over to lactose metabolism, which results in fermentation that produces copious amounts of gas

121
Q

enzyme that activates one or more proteolytic enzymes: (trypsin/enterokinase/pepsin)

A

all three

122
Q

CCK (increases/decreases) pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

increases

123
Q

CF: __ (ion) channel defect

A

chloride

124
Q

gall bladder has (higher/lower) [bilirubin] than liver

A

higher

125
Q

what does CCK do to the gallbladder

A

makes it contract

126
Q

a structure with a small polymolecular aggregate containing bile salts, monoglycerides, and fatty acids as its major constituents

A

micelle

127
Q

brain center responsible for relaxing internal urethral sphincter and facilitating detrusor muscle contraction once voluntary relaxation of external sphincter has occurred

A

pontine micturition center

128
Q

the pudendal nerve innervates the

A

external anal sphincter, which is skeletal muscle under voluntary control

129
Q

severe hypoklaemia in a case of infant diarrhea due to (failure to absorb potassium in colon/excess secretion of K in colon)

A

excess secretion of K in colon

130
Q

K secretion in the distal large intestine occurs through:

A

tight junctions

131
Q

In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is

A

the gastrocolic reflex

132
Q

the urge to defecate is caused by relaxation of:

A

the internal anal sphincter

133
Q

mass movements cause (contraction of internal anal sphincter/rectal distension)

A

rectal distension

134
Q

Hirschsprung disease: obstruction in which portion of the gut

A

sigmoid colon

135
Q

The amount of flatus produced will (remain the same/more than double) if one switches from an average diet to one in which 25% of the caloric intake is pork and beans

A

more than double

136
Q

symptoms associated with constipation are attributable to:

A

distension of the rectum

137
Q

Approximately __% of the dry weight of the feces is bacteria

A

10%

Unit 7 (7 decks)

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